(n.) That branch of pharmacology which considers the mode of action, and the effects, of medicines.
Example Sentences:
(1) Pharmacodynamic relationships are not well established for other therapeutic effects of theophylline, such as attenuation of pharmacologically induced bronchoconstriction.
(2) Influences that determine a drug's effects include pharmacokinetic factors (the serum concentrations of drug as determined by the drug dose, absorption, distribution, and excretion) and pharmacodynamic factors (the intensity of drug effect).
(3) A sustained-release property of gelatin microcapsules of piretanide was evaluated by pharmacodynamic parameters.
(4) Consideration of the extravascular pharmacodynamics of azithromycin is necessary when making predictions regarding its therapeutic application.
(5) The differences in the effect kinetics agreed with the different pharmacodynamics, with time constants for absorption and elimination of 40 min and 240 min for meperidine, and 240 min and 840 min for imipramine.
(6) The differences in absorption rate between the new and the old form did not lead to relevant differences in the glucose profile and the release of insulin, so that the two forms can be regarded as being pharmacodynamically equivalent.
(7) The pharmacodynamics of theophylline in humans is attributed to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity, a concept based on in vitro studies using drug concentrations much higher than those achieved by therapeutic doses.
(8) Even though a dose of 100 mg DMPA every 3 months has been satisfactory for contraception, 150 mg is still recommended until further pharmacodynamic data are available.
(9) The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of opiates given by the subarachnoid and epidural routes are considered, in particular with respect to the comparative pharmacology of the commonly used opiates.
(10) TRH increases the outflow coefficient in these patients but this increase seems to be due to a pharmacodynamic action inherent in the product, and appears prior to the release of thyroid hormone.
(11) Circulating lipid levels, when elevated, can alter the pharmacodynamics of lipophilic drugs presumably by acting as an additional storage depot for such drugs.
(12) Hand angiography with examinations after cold exposure and its combination with the postreserpine pharmacodynamic studies is a useful technique in Raynaud's syndrome, both diagnostically and in predicting the outcome of longterm vasodilator therapy.
(13) Pharmacodynamic interactions between some NSAIDs and antihypertensive drugs, anticoagulants, sulphonylurea agents and other NSAIDs are also potentially significant in the elderly.
(14) The pharmacodynamic properties were found to be similar to those of Althesin, with immediate induction of anaesthesia of short duration.
(15) A method has been derived that allows quantitative assessment of the pharmacodynamic interaction of two compounds for which the concentration-effect relationship can be described by the Hill equation.
(16) A population pharmacodynamic model has been used to describe the cognitive component of the Alzheimer disease assessment scale (ADASC) using mixed effects nonlinear regression.
(17) The pharmacodynamic changes induced by smoking were generally most pronounced after the first cigarette following 10 hours' abstinence.
(18) These results indicate the close relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rhG-CSF in the rats.
(19) In the remaining four patients, three were diagnosed by PCG alone and one by pharmacodynamic phonocardiography using methoxamine (ME-PCG).
(20) The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of three concentrations of the new long-acting amide local anesthetic, ropivacaine, given epidurally in 15 physical status ASA I or II patients for elective lower-extremity orthopedic procedures using a nonrandomized open-label design.
Pharmacology
Definition:
(n.) Knowledge of drugs or medicines; the art of preparing medicines.
(n.) A treatise on the art of preparing medicines.
Example Sentences:
(1) Spectral analysis of spontaneous heart rate fluctuations, a powerful noninvasive tool for quantifying autonomic nervous system activity, was assessed in Xenopus Laevis, intact or spinalized, at different temperatures and by use of pharmacological tools.
(2) The effects of sessions, individual characteristics, group behavior, sedative medications, and pharmacological anticipation, on simple visual and auditory reaction time were evaluated with a randomized block design.
(3) In animal experiments pharmacological properties of the low molecular weight heparin derivative CY 216 were determined.
(4) This activation demonstrated in humans confirms the pharmacological results of the interferon induction obtained with SL04 in vivo in mice and in vitro in human cell cultures.
(5) Many features of CFTR activity suggest that pharmacological interventions may be possible.
(6) testosterone, fentanyl, nicotine) may ultimately be administered in this way, important questions pertaining to pharmacology (tolerance), toxicity (irritation, sensitisation) and dose sufficiency (penetration enhancement) remain.
(7) These observations indicate that lipoprotein Lp(a) concentrations can be altered pharmacologically and that the progression of cardiovascular disease may be altered through changes in lipoprotein (a) levels.
(8) Significant differences in the pharmacological characteristics of the alpha 2 adrenoceptor were observed between the tissues with reference to both absolute drug affinities as well as rank order of drug potency.
(9) Pharmacodynamic relationships are not well established for other therapeutic effects of theophylline, such as attenuation of pharmacologically induced bronchoconstriction.
(10) The primary focus of both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy should be to control systemic blood pressure in a simple, affordable, and nontoxic fashion that provides an adequate quality of life.
(11) Only an extensive knowledge of the various mechanisms and pharmacologic agents that can be used to prevent or treat these adverse reactions will allow the physician to approach the problem scientifically and come to a reasonable solution for the patient.
(12) The pharmacological effects characterize reproterol as a bronchospasmolytic with preferential impact on the adrenergic beta2-receptors.
(13) Baroreflex function was studied in conscious early phase (less than 6 weeks) two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats before and 24 hours after surgical reversal of hypertension by removal of the constricting renal artery clip or after pharmacological reduction of blood pressure by an infusion of hydralazine or captopril.
(14) The study confirms that secretin influences pancreatic protein secretion and indicates in addition, that pharmacologic doses of the hormone, have the capacity to block acinar cell zymogen granule release.
(15) Results of sleep sampling under electroencephalographic control of the assessment of GH secretion are comparable to conventional pharmacological studies in terms of efficiency, sensitivity, and percentage false-negatives.
(16) Behavioral variables, including interreinforcement interval and drug self-administration history, appear to be important determinants of whether or not reinforcement will be demonstrated, particularly among the benzodiazepines; but the range of conditions under which behavioral and pharmacological variables interact to promote or lessen the likelihood of self-administration of these drugs remains to be determined experimentally.
(17) Because there were no interactions of time and type of migraine in either study, these results raise some questions about the existence of differential effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatment of menstrual vs non-menstrual migraine.
(18) Some factors of resistance (such as side benefits) happen in reactive and neurotic depressions and are independent of the pharmacological action.
(19) The fractional rate constants for the accumulation or disappearance of the metabolites could be determined after pharmacological blockade of catabolic enzymes or the acid metabolite carrier.
(20) However, reliable discrimination between immunological and idiosyncratic pharmacological mechanism is difficult to obtain.