(n.) Any one of three isometric bases (C6H7N) related to pyridine, and obtained from bone oil, acrolein ammonia, and coal-tar naphtha, as colorless mobile liquids of strong odor; -- called also methyl pyridine.
Example Sentences:
(1) Inasmuch as we have previously demonstrated that the activation of cytotoxic M phi correlates with specific changes in ribosomal RNA (rRNA), we investigated whether picolinic acid could modify M phi RNA metabolism.
(2) beta-Phenethyl alcohol, fluoroacetic acid, and 2-picolinic acid inhibited anaerobic sporogenesis almost completely, butyrate biosynthesis by >87%, and acetate accumulation by 50 to 62%, showing a direct relationship between butyric type of fermentation and anaerobic sporulation.
(3) The effects of picolinic acid derivatives on blood pressure and norepinephrine levels in the heart were more remarkable in a stressed state than in a resting state.
(4) The binding rate constants of picolinate and nicotinate in the cationic form for the reduced enzyme were quite similar to each other, but the dissociation rate constant of picolinate is several times smaller than that of nicotinate.
(5) When co-injected into the nbM with a neurotoxic dose of kainic, ibotenic or quisqualic acid which produced a neurotoxic response comparable to that of QUIN, picolinic acid attenuated kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity, but not ibotenate or quisqualate neurotoxicity.
(6) Synthesis of new bis(1-methylpyridinium) compounds containing a 1,4-diacetylbenzene linkage between the pyridinium moieties from commercially available 2-, 3-, and 4-picoline precursors was accomplished via metallation, reaction of the picolyllithium with 1,4-dicyanobenzene, and subsequent quaternization of the resulting bispyridyl compounds.
(7) In picolinate experiments, the staining of nbM neurons by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry was also examined.
(8) Neither quinolinic acid, a neurotoxin, nor its monocarboxylic analogue, picolinic acid, auto-oxidized over a wide pH range.
(9) Liver nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.11) activity was also observed to decrease with moderate diet restriction and did not further change when the restriction was severe while picolinate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.45) activity increased significantly only in severe diet restriction.
(10) The trans isomer also yields some picolinate as an identifiable product.
(11) The ability of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and cholera toxin to increase cyclic AMP levels is potentiated 6-fold when normal rat kidney (NRK) cells are treated with picolinic acid or histidinol, or grown in isoleucine-deficient medium.
(12) Twenty weanling pigs and fourteen 9-wk-old broiler chickens were used in three continuous-flow in vitro perfusion experiments using noneverted intestinal sacs to 1) determine differences in 65Zn absorption due to location within the intestinal tract, 2) evaluate 65Zn uptake from ZnCl2 and Zn-methionine (ZnMet) with or without added picolinic acid (PA) in pig intestinal sacs and 3) evaluate 65Zn uptake from ZnCl2 and ZnMet in chicken intestinal sacs.
(13) In a third experiment picolinic acid was introduced for 3 d into the diet of rats prelabeled with 65Zn.
(14) The effect of picolinic acid (pyridine-2-carboxylic acid) on the efflux of divalent metal ions from multilamellar liposomes was examined to determine the possible specificity and mechanism for its reported beneficial effects on the intestinal absorption and systemic metabolism of zinc.
(15) In a partition study, picolinic acid increased the aqueous solubility of Zn, Cu, Co and Cd at alkaline pH, but did not transfer the metal to an organic bulk phase of chloroform.
(16) The order of effectiveness against QUIN was kynurenic greater than picolinic greater than quinalidic or anthranilic acid.
(17) cis-Lysene yields alpha-picolinate as a detectable accumulating product, presumably from cyclization of initial 6-aldehyde to dihydropicolinate and spontaneous autoxidation.
(18) The effect was specific for chromium picolinate since neither zinc picolinate nor any of the other forms of chromium tested was effective.
(19) The oxidation of tryptophan to CO2 and metabolites of the glutarate pathway increased 4-5-fold, consistent with an increase in picolinate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.45) activity.
(20) The action of iron salts and chelators is specific for transferrin receptors, since the expression of other membrane markers of activated human T-lymphocytes (interleukin-2 receptor, insulin receptor, and HLA-DR antigen) is not modified by treatment with iron or picolinic acid.
Toluene
Definition:
(n.) A hydrocarbon, C6H5.CH3, of the aromatic series, homologous with benzene, and obtained as a light mobile colorless liquid, by distilling tolu balsam, coal tar, etc.; -- called also methyl benzene, phenyl methane, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) The specific rates of degradation of L-arginine-AMC, gly-proline-AMC, N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine-AMC and N-[p-toluene-sulphonyl]gly-pro-arginine-AMC were significantly greater in that group, indicating that the composition of their gingival crevicular fluid was different from that of the gingivitis group.
(2) The toluene group were more approving in their attitudes towards taking other drugs.
(3) In anaerobiosis, at 25 mM sulphanilic acid, or with addition of p-toluene sulphonic acid only one regression line is obtained for the permeation in both directions.
(4) Their defect in DNA degradation was shown not only after treatment by toluene but also in crude extracts after cell disintegration by ultrasonic and in untreated starved cultures.
(5) The significance of the present findings on the mutual suppression of metabolism between benzene and toluene is discussed in relation to solvent toxicology and biological monitoring of exposure to the solvents.
(6) On the other hand, with simultaneous doses of the two substances, the blood toluene concentration was higher for the first 15-30 min than the ethanol control and the urinary excretion of hippuric acid, a main metabolite of toluene, was markedly decreased for the first 2 h. The blood ethanol in this group, on the contrary, was reduced until 1 h after administration.
(7) Toluene exposure for 4 and 12 weeks caused a significant, approximately 20%, increase in 45Ca2+ uptake into unstimulated synaptosomes.
(8) Furthermore, toluene undergoes methyl-substitution in preparations of human bone marrow incubated with S-adenosyl-L-methionine to yield o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene.
(9) We have investigated the whole-body dermal penetration of styrene, xylene, toluene, perchloroethylene, benzene, halothane, hexane, and isoflurane in rats and compared the permeability constants with available human studies on vapor penetration.
(10) The metabolites were identified as a) 3-hydroxy-2,6-DAT, b) 4-hydroxy-2-acetylamino-6-aminotoluene, c) 2-acetylamino-6-aminotoluene, and d) 2,6-di(acetylamino)-toluene.
(11) Thus chronic toluene inhalation even at small concentrations changes hypothalamic reactivity in response to stress and hormonal stimuli.
(12) The coefficient to the complex action of carbon oxide and heating microclimate is equal to 2.5 and toluene++ and heating microclimate to 1.9.
(13) Expired carbon dioxide (CO2), the most sensitive index, displayed an inverted U-shaped concentration-effect curve, which increased at 100 ppm (the TLV) and decreased at 4500 ppm toluene.
(14) The paint base consisted primarily of toluene and methyl ethyl ketone.
(15) As organic solvents, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCE), trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, m-xylene and trichloro-trifluoroethane (FC-113) were used in this study.
(16) There was a negative association between blood toluene and plasma levels of prolactin.
(17) Ethanol-withdrawn animals displayed an increased sensitivity to the narcotic action of toluene.
(18) One possibility is that early synaptic alterations resulting from toluene exposure may be preceded by increases in outer membrane fluidity.
(19) In experiments in vitro, neither benzene, toluene nor xylene changed the number of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) or the number of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes.
(20) Benzene toluene, styrene, 1,1,1-trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene are taken as examples of solvents showing various toxicokinetic properties.