What's the difference between piperine and pungency?
Piperine
Definition:
(n.) A white crystalline compound of piperidine and piperic acid. It is obtained from the black pepper (Piper nigrum) and other species.
Example Sentences:
(1) Sperm were incubated in a capacitation medium for 3 h prior to co-incubation with hamster eggs in a fertilization medium for another 3 h. Addition of 0.18-1.05 mM piperine to the capacitation medium reduced both the percentage of eggs fertilized and the degree of polyspermia in a dose-dependent manner.
(2) These results suggest that piperine releases endogenous CGRP from intracardiac non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nerves and that released CGRP exerts positive chronotropic and inotropic effects.
(3) An increase in catecholamine, especially epinephrine, secretion was observed not only on capsaicin infusion but also on piperine (a pungent principle of pepper) and zingerone (ginger) infusion.
(4) The effect of piperine on the rate of glucuronidation of 3-hydroxybenzo(a) pyrene and UDP-glucuronic acid content in the intact isolated epithelial cells of the guinea-pig small intestine was studied.
(5) The sensitivity of the induced choline transport to these reagents was similar to that of the malaria-induced (ouabain- and bumetanide-resistant) Rb(+)-transport pathway; however, the relative magnitudes of the piperine-sensitive choline and Rb+ fluxes in malaria-parasite-infected cells varied between cultures.
(6) The contractile effect of piperine was abolished by application of tetrodotoxin plus desensitization with substance P or by extrinsic denervation.
(7) The contractile effects induced by piperine (10 microM) and the subsequent inhibitory effects on the twitch response were not desensitized and largely persisted after extrinsic denervation.
(8) Piperine and safrole interacted with different forms of cytochrome P-450 as indicated by their in vivo effect on drug metabolising enzymes and mixed function oxidases and electrophoretic patterns.
(9) Piperine was found to inhibit state 3 and DNP-stimulated respiration by mitochondria respiring with glutamate plus malate or succinate as substrates.
(10) Based on these results, a pathway for the biotransformation of piperine in rats is proposed.
(11) These results demonstrate that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism.
(12) Three per cent of the administered dose was excreted as piperine in the feces.
(13) Contractile responses to piperine, mustard oil and eugenol were partially tetrodotoxin and ruthenium red-sensitive, suggesting that activation of sensory terminals by these agents takes place indirectly, as well as by a direct action on sensory receptors.
(14) The studies demonstrate that piperine modifies the rate of glucuronidation by lowering the endogeneous UDP-glucuronic acid content and also by inhibiting the transferase activity.
(15) The 5-HT level was significantly higher in the cerebral cortex of piperine treated mice than in control mice.
(16) In vitro and in vivo modulation of drug metabolizing enzymes by piperine was investigated in microsomes of rats and guinea pigs.
(17) Zingerone from ginger inhibited lipid peroxidation at high concentrations (greater than 150 microM) whereas linalool (coriander), piperine (black pepper) and cuminaldehyde (cumin) had only marginal inhibitory effects even at high concentrations (600 microM).
(18) Examination of the passage of piperine through the gut indicated that the highest concentration in the stomach and small intestine was attained at about 6 h. Only traces (less than 0.15%) of piperine were detected in serum, kidney and spleen from 30 min to 24 h. About 1-2.5% of the intraperitoneally administered piperine was detected in the liver during 0.5-6 h after administration as contrasted with 0.1-0.25% of the orally administered dose.
(19) Piperine was also found to diminish calcium uptake and to facilitate the release of accumulated calcium by the mitochondria incubated with succinate or ATP.
(20) Piperine inhibited arylhydrocarbon hydroxylation, ethylmorphine-N-demethylation, 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylation and 3-hydroxy-benzo(a)pyrene glucuronidation in rat postmitochondrial supernatant in vitro in a dose-dependent manner.
Pungency
Definition:
(n.) The quality or state of being pungent or piercing; keenness; sharpness; piquancy; as, the pungency of ammonia.
Example Sentences:
(1) Such plants have been used for many centuries for the pungency and flavoring value, for their medicinal properties, and, in some parts of the world, their use also has religious connotations.
(2) When expressed as thermodynamic activity, nasal pungency thresholds remain remarkably constant within and across the homologous series of acetates and alcohols.
(3) Capsaicin analogues, such as olvanil, have similar properties with minimal initial pungency.
(4) Results imply that nasal pungency for these stimuli rests upon a physical, rather than chemical, interaction with susceptible mucosal structures.
(5) The estimation of total capsaicinoids by any simple, reliable method is shown to be adequate for quality control of pungency of Capsicum fruits.
(6) Tarragon's slightly clove-ish pungency makes it a good substi-tute for basil in many dishes.
(7) The rules of additivity of pungency in mixtures need explication.
(8) Two experiments are reported in which the perceptual interactions between oral pungency, evoked by CO2, and the taste of each of four tastants--sucrose (sweet), quinine sulfate (bitter), sodium chloride (salty), and tartaric acid (sour)--were explored.
(9) In experiment 1 the effect of three concentrations of each tastant on the stimulus-response function for perceived oral pungency, in terms of both rate of change (slope) and relative position along the perceived pungency axis, was determined.
(10) Such plants have been used for many centuries for their pungency and flavoring value, for their medicinal properties, and in some parts of the world, their use also has religious connotations.
(11) We measured detection thresholds for nasal pungency (in anosmics), odor (in normosmics) and eye irritation employing a homologous series of acetates: methyl through octyl acetate, decyl and dodecyl acetate.
(12) In three earlier parts in this series, the varieties, cultivation, and primary processing; the processed products, world production, and trade; and the chemistry of the color, aroma, and pungency stimuli have been reviewed.
(13) A comparison with two other spices, namely chilli and cinnamon, suggests a spectrum in which the frequency of symptoms is proportional to the pungency of the spice.
(14) Physiologists have been intensely studying the action of the highly potent pungency stimuli and social psychologists the curious aspect of growing acceptance and preference for the initially unacceptable pungency sensation.
(15) The carrier gas was humidified in order to limit airway irritation caused by the pungency of the volatile agents.
(16) Furthermore, odor was always hypoadditive in mixtures (i.e., mixtures were perceived as less intense than the sum of their components), whereas pungency was, mainly, additive, and even suggested hyperadditivity.
(17) Pungency as a sensory attribute, its evaluation, structure-activity relationship, and its increasing acceptance and preference by diverse populations of the world are of great interest to many research disciplines.
(18) The outcome of a scaling experiment employing normosmic subjects indicated that, with the exception of methanol and ethanol, pungency arose when perceived intensity reached a narrowly tuned criterion level.
(19) Do repetitive or continuous exposures to subthreshold concentrations increase sensitivity to those substances, so that they evoke pungency when they otherwise would not?
(20) In this part, the evaluation of quality through instrumental determination of the causal components and the sensory evaluation of color, aroma, and pungency are discussed.