(1) While the heaviest anterogradely labeled ascending projections were observed to the contralateral ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, pars oralis (VPLo), efferent projections were also observed to the contralateral ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VLc) and central lateral (CL) nucleus of the thalamic intralaminar complex, magnocellular (and to a lesser extent parvicellular) red nucleus, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, zona incerta, nucleus of the posterior commissure, lateral intermediate layer and deep layer of the superior colliculus, dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, contralateral nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and basilar pontine nuclei (especially dorsal and peduncular), and dorsal (DAO) and medial (MAO) accessory olivary nuclei, ipsilateral lateral (external) cuneate nucleus (LCN) and lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), and to a lesser extent the caudal medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and caudal nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), and dorsal medullary raphe.
(2) In AD, a significant twofold increase was observed in total APP mRNA in nucleus basalis and locus ceruleus neurons but not in hippocampal subicular neurons, neurons of the basis pontis, or occipital cortical neurons.
(3) The present results indicate that the NRD, particularly is rostral part, receives direct projections arising from: (1) locus coeruleus complex (locus coeruleus, locus coerulus alpha, and locus subcoeruleus); (2) parabrachial nuclei (nucleus parabrachialis lateralis and medialis); (3) nucleus laterodorsalis tegmenti; (4) griseum centrale pontis, particularly the caudal part of the nucleus incertus; (5) substantia nigra; (6) lateral habenular nucleus; (7) hypothalamic areas, particularly dorsal and lateral hypothalamic areas; (8) preoptic areas; (9) anarea dorso-lateral to the inferior olivary complex and medial to the lateral reticular nucleus; and (10) raphe nuclei; particularly nucleus linearis intermedius, centralis superior, pontis and magnus.
(4) We postulated that impulses issued by the basal ganglia could reach the cerebellum through a pathway that involves the pedunculopontine nucleus and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis.
(5) Dense patches of terminal labeling were observed in the contralateral nucleus raphe pontis and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis in cases where the injection involved the medial and descending vestibular nuclei.
(6) A 57-year-old man with clinical symptoms of dementia and spastic paraplegia revealed pathologically scattered cerebral arteriosclerotic changes and diffuse myelin destruction in the basis pontis.
(7) In the pons and medulla, FOR fibers terminated in a caudal part of the pontine raphe, the paramedian pontine reticular formation, the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, the dorsomedial pontine nucleus of the contralateral side, and the dorsomedial medullary reticular formation of both sides.
(8) To determine the precerebellar nuclei responsible for mediation of the cerebral inputs to the dentate nucleus (DN), we examined the effects of stimulation of the pontine nucleus (PN), the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and the inferior olive (IO).
(9) The DA of NR pontis oralis pars medialis (RPoOm) neurons course medially, while those of NR pontis oralis pars lateralis (RPoOl) course laterally.
(10) Fairly poor in cells are the nucleus centralis caudalis pontis and the nucleus centralis oralis pontis.
(11) Our results indicate that transthalamic and subthalamic pathways supply all terminal sites in the thalamus, subthalamus, and tegmentum of the midbrain and pons, whereas pedunculopontine fibers appear to terminate in the pontine and reticularis tegmenti pontis nucleus exclusively.
(12) A small region in the dorsal midline portion of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) in monkeys contains neurons that respond to focal visual stimuli or during saccadic eye movements or both.
(13) Hooded rats of the Long-Evans strain with bilateral symmetric lesions of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis (RPO) displayed locomotor hyperactivity in the open field (OF) compared with their preoperative values.
(14) With exposure to 2000 rads there was a profuse wide scatter of focal necrotic lesions with a predilection for the basis pontis and a clinical deficit inconsistent with survival past 6 months.
(15) Short latency BC-evoked activity was also recorded from the pons in the region of nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis.
(16) The axons of the T neurons pass through a region closely ventral to the lateral part of the brachium conjunctivum (BC), continue rostrally in a region between the BC and the lateral lemniscus, arch medially around the rostral part of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, cross the midline, continue to the contralateral side by about 1.5 mm lateral from the midline, arch rostrally, run in the central tegmental field on the contralateral side, arch dorsomedially around the caudal pole of the red nucleus, and enter the contralateral oculomotor nucleus (OMN) from the ventrolateral side.
(17) Under nembutal narcosis on cats, intracellular electrophysiological studies have been made of common properties and differences in the neuronal organization of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and intrinsic pontine nuclei.
(18) Likely sources of visual and auditory information to HVI are the dorsolateral basilar pontine nuclei and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, which were densely labelled in all cases.
(19) When cells of origin of this system (cells in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis), or the pathway descending from these cells (DTF area) are tonically activated, cells in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (gc cells) are also tonically activated, and with this process the system as a whole exerts generalized or non-reciprocal tonic inhibitory effects upon alpha-motoneurons innervating hindlimb extensor and flexor muscles.
(20) The results showed that, the ventral and dorsal paraflocculus receive afferents from distinct and separate regions of pontine nuclei, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (Rtp) and the inferior olive.
Pony
Definition:
(n.) A small horse.
(n.) Twenty-five pounds sterling.
(n.) A translation or a key used to avoid study in getting lessons; a crib.
(n.) A small glass of beer.
Example Sentences:
(1) The compromised ice sheet tilts and he sinks into the Arctic Sea on the back of his faltering white Icelandic pony.
(2) "We see him driving around, but he keeps to himself and we're quite close neighbours," said Libbi Darroch, as she groomed her 7-year-old showjumper Muffy at the Coatesville pony club.
(3) In a further study, three ponies treated on separate occasions with lincomycin, administered orally, died or were destroyed 67 to 72 h after initial treatment.
(4) Principal ponies had a history of heaves, a disease characterized by recurrent airway obstruction.
(5) Nine Przewalski's horse embryos were transferred surgically, and 2 non-surgically, to domestic Welsh-type pony mares.
(6) The erythrogram (erythrocyte histogram) and red cell distribution width (RDW) were evaluated in 5 purebred horses and 1 pony of mixed breeding with experimentally induced anemia.
(7) Pulmonary function measurements were made in control ponies and in ponies with recurrent obstructive pulmonary disease (principals) during clinical remission and during an attack of acute airway obstruction.
(8) The Campbell family has been breeding ponies in Glenshiel for more than 100 years and now runs a small pony trekking centre offering one-hour treks along the pebbly shores of Loch Duich and through the Ratagan forest as well as all-day trail rides up into the hills for the more adventurous.
(9) However, large colon resection was associated with hypophosphatemia in three of the six ponies and produced an overall significantly lower phosphate concentration in the experimental ponies.
(10) A pony-tailed local businessman, Hall rose to prominence during the referendum campaign when he used a reconditioned Green Goddess fire engine to distribute pro-independence literature.
(11) A critical trial was performed with five ponies 6-9 months of age and raised on a horse farm with demonstrated benzimidazole-resistant cyathostomes.
(12) A second group of 5 ponies was fed a ration at varying rates containing 8 ppm FB1 for 180 days.
(13) Significantly (P less than 0.02) higher mean total numbers of P equorum were found in the small intestinal contents of the controls on day 14 (51) and on day 35 (21) than in the ivermectin-treated ponies on days 14 (0) and 35 (3).
(14) The prevalence of Anoplocephala perfoliata in 103 horses and ponies from Clwyd, Powys and the adjacent English marches, slaughtered during January 1987, was 69 per cent.
(15) The hindlimbs of 3 ponies and 3 horses were dissected.
(16) The results were compared to two control ponies and four others infected by accidental transmission.
(17) Further evidence that reinnervation occurred in the larynges of these ponies was determined in microscopic sections of the recurrent laryngeal nerves and muscles, which showed regenerative activity and muscle fiber-type grouping, respectively.
(18) Larvae of D arnfieldi were found in fecal samples of 112 (2%) of 5,379 horses on the 90 farms of which 38% had greater than or equal to 1 infected animal; none of 19 ponies examined was infected.
(19) A paste formulation containing 14.3 per cent of oxibendazole and 44 per cent of trichlorfon was administered to 33 ponies and horses.
(20) Ponies given PBZ and prostaglandin E2 remained clinically healthy and did not develop hypoproteinemia or mucosal atrophy.