(n. pl.) A grand division of the Invertebrata, including the sponges; -- called also Spongiae, Spongida, and Spongiozoa. The principal divisions are Calcispongiae, Keratosa or Fibrospongiae, and Silicea.
Example Sentences:
(1) The aminoacid composition is quite different from those previously reported in Porifera.
(2) By way of contrast, the multicellular animals lower than the Porifera and belonging to the phyla Placozoa and Mesozoa are only a few millimeters in size.
(3) is provided, but the presence of unconventional sterols in sponge membranes is shown not to be a universal feature of the Porifera.
(4) The phylogeny provides clearer definitions for kingdoms, and indicates the separation into seven kingdoms, as follows: Monera, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi, Porifera, Plantae, Animalia.
(5) In order to resolve the phylogenetic position of the Porifera it must be determined whether these cells migrate inwards to become adult choanocytes or are lost at metamorphosis.
(6) Finally some unexpected relationships were revealed among Porifera.
(7) Neither amino acid was found in tissues from representative species of Porifera and Chordata.
(8) The presence of at least four such genes in the evolutionary ancient and primitive phylum Porifera suggests that tyrosine kinase genes arose concomitantly with or shortly after the appearance of multicellular organisms and that their activity may be involved in aggregation and cell-cell recognition.
(9) The sulfated mucopolysaccharide composition of 22 species of invertebrates belonging to the phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Tunicata, Echinodermata, Coelenterata, and Porifera was analyzed.
(10) Sulfated polysaccharides, therefore, appeared to be involved in cell interaction events in the Porifera.
(11) They are not directly comparable to the tissues of the highest porifera exhibiting the lowest animal tissues.
(12) 1) Acidic forms of the sulphatase were partially purified from the following invertebrate species: Tethya aurantium (Porifera), Patella vulgata (mollusca), Maja squinado (Arthropoda), Marthasterias glacialis (Echinodermata) and Microcosmus sulcatus (Tunicata).
(13) The time dependence of the lysate viscosities with and without the DNA-damaging agent bleomycin is given and the dose:activity curves of this agent with sponge homogenates from two orders of Porifera are given with their 50% effective concentration values.
(14) Collagen is present in Porifera, the lowest multicellular animals, but there is no information available on the primary structure of the collagen chains in this phylum.
(15) Phylogenetic analyses undertaken using different methods showed deep radiations of phyla such as Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa but also for groups of Porifera of low taxonomic rank.
Protozoa
Definition:
(n. pl.) The lowest of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom.
(pl. ) of Protozoon
Example Sentences:
(1) Many protozoa were in renal tubule cells, endothelial cells and brain.
(2) The 8-, 9-, 10-, and 11-thiastearic acids were found to suppress the synthesis of the cyclopropane-containing fatty acid dihydrosterculic acid (9,10-methyleneoctadecanoic acid) at micromolar concentrations in the growth medium, and all but the 9-thiastearate were found to inhibit the growth of the protozoa at concentrations.
(3) On defaunation of the rumen to remove ciliated protozoa the concentration of phosphatidylcholine in ruminal digesta falls markedly and becomes lower than that in abomasal digesta.
(4) Protozoa were found in 32% of samples (4.6% pathogenic protozoa, 24% facultative pathogenic protozoa and 3.4% apathogenic protozoa).
(5) Omasal contents were collected from slaughtered cattle (n = 54), bison (n = 15), and sheep (n = 40) to determine numbers and generic distribution of ciliated protozoa.
(6) In an attempt to reconstruct the universal ancestor of all present-day tubulin genes the intron positions in 38 different alpha- and beta-tubulin genes from plants, animals, fungi and protozoa were compared.
(7) The drug possesses a strong activity against numerous fungi, some protozoa, and bacteria.
(8) Low GC in Mycoplasma is accompanied by use of UGA for tryptophan and, in ciliated protozoa, by use of UAA and UAG for glutamine.
(9) In addition, a number of antiparasitic agents have been shown to exert their actions through a free radical metabolism: nitro compounds used against trypanosomatids, anaerobic protozoa and helminths; crystal violet used in blood banks to prevent blood transmission of Chagas' disease; the antimalarial primaquine, chloroquinine, and quinhasou; and quinones active in vitro and in vivo against different parasites.
(10) Optimal doses of promastigotes were used which ensured the adaptation of Protozoa in the host's intestine.
(11) In this case the fraction responsible for this transformation contains mainly protozoa.
(12) The apparent production rate of the larger protozoa indicates that they contribute only about 9% of the predicted net microbial protein synthesis in the rumen.
(13) The observation, in parasitic protozoa and helminths, that selfing or non-obligatory mating is a common feature suggests that these processes may be strategies to overcome the cost of meiosis.
(14) Nitroimidazoles have been prepared which show interesting activity against the bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in addition to the activities usually shown by nitroimidazoles against protozoa and anaerobic bacteria.
(15) Antigenic macromolecules and some viruses, bacteria, and protozoa enter their apical surface by endocytosis or phagocytosis.
(16) Trapping of many types of small protozoa and manipulation of organelles within protozoa is also possible.
(17) These associations are also compared with other, previously described cases of symbiosis involving prokaryotes and protozoa.
(18) Although C. ventriculi is classified as a holotrich, concentrations of this species in the rumen appear to follow a diurnal cycle more closely related to be entodiniomorph protozoa.
(19) In a later phase, the protozoa treated with histamine or prednisolone died.
(20) The stool samples were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp., other protozoa, helminths, and pathogenic enterobacteria.