(n. pl.) A provisional group in which are placed a number of low microscopic organisms of doubtful nature. Some are probably plants, others animals.
(pl. ) of Protiston
Example Sentences:
(1) Their eukaryotization was carried out for a long time during the evolution of the low eukaryotes (Protista and Fungi), probably, independently in different phylogenetic lines.
(2) B. galli is assigned to the kingdom Protista, type Rhizopoda, class Lobosea, subclass Gymnamoebia, order Blastocystida.
(3) Protista avoid lysosomal destruction by their resistance to enzyme attack, by surrounding themselves with lysosome-inhibiting vacuoles, by escaping from the phagosomal system into the hyaloplasm and by choosing host cells which lack lysosomes.
(4) These two species of Protista do not form a clade, and P. polycephalum diverged first and D. discoideum second from the line leading to the common ancestor of Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi.
(5) This classification also suggests groupings of phyla into superphyla and form-superphyla, and a broadened kingdom Protista (including green algae, oomycotes and slime molds but excluding red and brown algae).
(6) Recently, we proposed a solution to this problem which involves identifying the largest taxa that are widely recognized to be monophyletic, and naming them using a commonly recognizable prefix and the suffix "protista".
(7) Comparative evidence on the lack of three important organelles (flagella, Golgi-complex, mitochondria) in cells and organisms at the cellular level of organization has been summarized for all the four eukaryotic kingdoms--Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia (Metazoa).
(8) The members of Protista and Fungi, which line in microaerobic or anaerobic conditions, nearly inevitably lose their mitochondria.
(9) The nomenclature used for higher taxonomic categories of protista arose under the influence of the two-kingdom system, and is widely recognized as being evolutionarily misleading.
(10) Possible classifications are discussed, and a summary classification of the living world into kingdoms (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae) and phyla is suggested.
(11) If recognition of a single kingdom Protista is no longer tenable, then even the concept of one code per kingdom is not applicable.
(12) The conserved portions of the molecule (1900 nt) have been aligned with corresponding sequences from various eukaryotes, including five protista, one metaphyta, and three metazoa.
(13) The encoded amino acid sequences of the nonmuscle MHCs were highly similar to each other (81% identity) and to the smooth muscle MHC (81-84%), but much less similar to vertebrate skeletal muscle MHCs (38-41%) or to protista nonmuscle MHCs (35-36%).
(14) These three eukaryotic kingdoms apparently shared a common ancestor after the divergence of the two species of Protista, D. discoideum and P. polycephalum.
(15) While sterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids are found exclusively in the higher Protista and multicellular organisms, carotenoids, porphyrins, and quinones are also found in bacteria.
(16) Certain types of intracellular organisms may have arisen initially as forms attached to the cell surface of digestive or other organs, but the intracellular habit appears to have arisen independently in several groups of Protista.
(17) The molecules used were large-subunit rRNAs from Xenopus laevis (Animalia), rice (Plantae), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Fungi), Dictyostelium discoideum (Protista), and Physarum polycephalum (Protista); and small-subunit rRNAs from maize (Plantae), S. cerevisiae, X. laevis, rat (Animalia), and D. discoideum.
(18) Because the specificity of in situ hybridization is based on nucleotide sequences of ribosomal RNAs, that are constant among species, contrary to morphology of protista or expression of antigens, it should complement conventional staining and immunohistochemical methods, and provide a useful tool for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii.
(19) Intracellular genera are found in all the major groups of Protista, but are particularly common among the dinoflagellates, trypanosomatid zooflagellates and suctorian ciliates; the Sporozoa are nearly all intracellular at some stage of their life, and the Microspora entirely so.
(20) Coccidioides immitis is particularly problematic owing to its contradictory and confusing asexual morphologies, which have caused it to be placed in three fungal classes and the protista.
Protozoa
Definition:
(n. pl.) The lowest of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom.
(pl. ) of Protozoon
Example Sentences:
(1) Many protozoa were in renal tubule cells, endothelial cells and brain.
(2) The 8-, 9-, 10-, and 11-thiastearic acids were found to suppress the synthesis of the cyclopropane-containing fatty acid dihydrosterculic acid (9,10-methyleneoctadecanoic acid) at micromolar concentrations in the growth medium, and all but the 9-thiastearate were found to inhibit the growth of the protozoa at concentrations.
(3) On defaunation of the rumen to remove ciliated protozoa the concentration of phosphatidylcholine in ruminal digesta falls markedly and becomes lower than that in abomasal digesta.
(4) Protozoa were found in 32% of samples (4.6% pathogenic protozoa, 24% facultative pathogenic protozoa and 3.4% apathogenic protozoa).
(5) Omasal contents were collected from slaughtered cattle (n = 54), bison (n = 15), and sheep (n = 40) to determine numbers and generic distribution of ciliated protozoa.
(6) In an attempt to reconstruct the universal ancestor of all present-day tubulin genes the intron positions in 38 different alpha- and beta-tubulin genes from plants, animals, fungi and protozoa were compared.
(7) The drug possesses a strong activity against numerous fungi, some protozoa, and bacteria.
(8) Low GC in Mycoplasma is accompanied by use of UGA for tryptophan and, in ciliated protozoa, by use of UAA and UAG for glutamine.
(9) In addition, a number of antiparasitic agents have been shown to exert their actions through a free radical metabolism: nitro compounds used against trypanosomatids, anaerobic protozoa and helminths; crystal violet used in blood banks to prevent blood transmission of Chagas' disease; the antimalarial primaquine, chloroquinine, and quinhasou; and quinones active in vitro and in vivo against different parasites.
(10) Optimal doses of promastigotes were used which ensured the adaptation of Protozoa in the host's intestine.
(11) In this case the fraction responsible for this transformation contains mainly protozoa.
(12) The apparent production rate of the larger protozoa indicates that they contribute only about 9% of the predicted net microbial protein synthesis in the rumen.
(13) The observation, in parasitic protozoa and helminths, that selfing or non-obligatory mating is a common feature suggests that these processes may be strategies to overcome the cost of meiosis.
(14) Nitroimidazoles have been prepared which show interesting activity against the bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in addition to the activities usually shown by nitroimidazoles against protozoa and anaerobic bacteria.
(15) Antigenic macromolecules and some viruses, bacteria, and protozoa enter their apical surface by endocytosis or phagocytosis.
(16) Trapping of many types of small protozoa and manipulation of organelles within protozoa is also possible.
(17) These associations are also compared with other, previously described cases of symbiosis involving prokaryotes and protozoa.
(18) Although C. ventriculi is classified as a holotrich, concentrations of this species in the rumen appear to follow a diurnal cycle more closely related to be entodiniomorph protozoa.
(19) In a later phase, the protozoa treated with histamine or prednisolone died.
(20) The stool samples were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp., other protozoa, helminths, and pathogenic enterobacteria.