(n.) The viscid and more or less granular material of vegetable and animal cells, possessed of vital properties by which the processes of nutrition, secretion, and growth go forward; the so-called " physical basis of life;" the original cell substance, cytoplasm, cytoblastema, bioplasm sarcode, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) Fixation with buffered glutaraldehyde resulted in higher counts (P less than 0.01) of proximal protoplasmic droplets (2.47, 1.03, 0.67, and 1.43%, respectively, for glutaraldehyde, Hancock's, Blom's, and formol saline procedures).
(2) Small, diffusely GJP-IR cells were identified ultrastructurally as protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes.
(3) Protoplasmic cylinders contained within such granules frequently were devoid of cell envelopes.
(4) The infected cells treated by this method showed light green fluorescence of the protoplasm, with a dark nucleus, while the intact cells had tile-red cytoplasm.
(5) That T-tubules isolated by disruption of triad junctions are constrained to have the protoplasmic (P) face uniformly exposed was experimentally confirmed.
(6) The morphological change of cerebral cortex astrocytes from protoplasmic to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-containing cells is induced by injury.
(7) Pretreatment of mice by intravenous injection with killed Listeria provided neither delayed-type hypersensitivity to Listeria protoplasm nor protection against Listeria infection.
(8) The greatest motion of protoplasmic droplets was recorded in the caput epididymidis, although the migration of droplets from the proximal section of the connective part of the flagellum towards the distal parts could also be observed as far as in the cauda epididymidis in both animals.
(9) Thus staining techniques that have a propensity for the glial filaments such as antisera to glial fibrillary acidic protein and the gold-chloride method provide only a skeletal outline of the major processes of the protoplasmic astrocyte.
(10) Within this context, we would like to present a case discussion regarding a 27-month-old boy with a hypothalamic-midbrain protoplasmic glioma treated with primary chemotherapy after surgical biopsy and pathologic documentation.
(11) The toxin appears to be protoplasmic and is released into the surrounding environment upon autolysis of the cells.
(12) To improve the definitions, eliminate overlapping diagnostic categories, and sharpen the fuzzy boundaries that contribute substantially to limited reproducibility, we suggest: (1) the categories of astrocytoma nos, fibrillary astrocytoma, and protoplasmic astrocytoma be collapsed into a single category of astrocytoma; (2) the diagnostic category of desmoplastic medulloblastoma be combined with medulloblastoma; and (3) the criteria for anaplasia should be further refined to include quantification of critical histologic features, e.g., agreed upon operational definitions for amount of cell density, number of mitoses and pleomorphism for anaplastic astrocytoma and anaplastic ependymoma.
(13) They mainly concentrate on the membrane protoplasmic surface.
(14) The incompatibility reaction when vegetative or sexual R and V cells fuse is asymmetric: it is induced only in the R protoplasm.
(15) The intramembranous particles in the protoplasmic face of fractured membranes obtained from fresh cells incubated with 1 mM of Ca2+ were more scattered and their density was lower than in control cells.
(16) Morphometric analysis of the outgrowth zone revealed a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of fibroblastic-reactive microglial cells (from 12 to 0%), and a significant increase in the incidence of protoplasmic astrocytic-epithelial cells (from 82 to 96%), for AraC-treated explants compared to controls.
(17) Periplasmic bodies were most prevalent in the regions of the bud scars and were often accommodated within large invaginations in the protoplasmic membrane.
(18) However, electron microscopic immunocytochemical analysis of NG2 immunoreactive cells revealed a cell morphology consistent with that of protoplasmic astrocytes.
(19) (2) It has been shown that in protoplasmic drops the endoplasm-ectoplasm transformation is accompanied by an actin polymerization from the non-filamentous state to F-actin.
(20) These studies are based upon the observation that a number of experimental maneuvers can alter tissue permeability to water, but do not change the number of particle aggregates observed on the protoplasmic face of the granular cell's luminal membrane with freeze-fracture electron microscopy.
Protoplast
Definition:
(n.) The thing first formed; that of which there are subsequent copies or reproductions; the original.
(n.) A first-formed organized body; the first individual, or pair of individuals, of a species.
Example Sentences:
(1) 25% of the incorporated radioactivity in protoplast lysates and approx.
(2) We have isolated an auxin-regulated cDNA, parB, from the early stage of cultured tobacco mesophyll protoplasts.
(3) Several subcellular fractions were derived from OK-432 and only the cytoplasmic and protoplast membrane fractions showed cytotoxic activity against the OK-432-sensitive tumor cell lines, although the cytotoxicity obtained was greatly less than the whole microorganism OK-432.
(4) The pH activity profile, cofactor requirements, and kinetic parameters of the endogenously activated chitin synthase were identical to those of the trypsin-activated enzyme in protoplast membranes.
(5) Osmotic gradient across the membrane of nonsonicated liposomes and rose petal protoplasts are shown to induce swelling.
(6) Unlike malate oxidation by osmotically shocked protoplasts, endogenous protoplast repiration was resistant to ferricianide 5.10(-4) M).
(7) The inhibition was also observed when cells were incubated with mercaptoethanol or when mercaptoethanol and DTT were used to prepare protoplasts.
(8) Regeneration of cells from protoplasts was monitored throughout the growth cycle and was most efficient when cells of either S. fradiae or S. griseofuscus were taken from the transition phase between the exponential and stationary growth phases.
(9) (2) Protoplast fusion analysis indicates that rosamicin-nonproducing characteristics of MR 217-AF2 and MR 217-AF3 strains induced by the acriflavine treatment is due to chromosomal mutation or rearrangement but not to loss of a plasmid.
(10) When electroporated into maize protoplasts from a suspension cell line not synthesizing anthocyanins, reporter genes with Bz2, Bz1, and A1 promoters are expressed only when both R and C1 expression plasmids are co-electroporated.
(11) In the presence of a suitable carbon source, whole cells and protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae synthesized glycerol as a compatible organic solute in response to increased external osmotic pressure.
(12) Tobacco protoplasts were transformed with an expression construct containing a translational fusion between mature alpha-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis and the signal peptide of the tobacco PR-S protein.
(13) The number of binding sites on bacilli and protoplasts is determined for each phage.
(14) In both the experiments there were detected cells in their majority with thinner walls, L-form-like structures, protoplasts and single conglomerates of the cells with thicker walls and anomalous division and the cells at the moment of lysis.
(15) Rate determinations were made with both, intact cells and with preparations containing secreted enzymes from protoplasts.
(16) The effects of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions on the efficiency of the plasmid transformation of lysozyme-treated Streptococcus lactis protoplasts were compared.
(17) Tnt1 has been isolated after its transposition into the nitrate reductase (NR) structural gene of tobacco, and transposition events have been detected through in vitro selection of spontaneous NR-deficient (NR-) mutant lines in cell cultures derived from tobacco mesophyll protoplasts.
(18) The effect of treatment of the protoplasts and cell membranes of C. albicans with polyenic entibiotics on formation of the ribosomal-membrane complex was studied in vitro.
(19) On the other hand, R medium without MgCl2 but with penicillin G supported development of L-form type colonies at high rate (13-15%) from the inoculated protoplasts.
(20) In comparison, in protoplasts a region upstream of the AC2 open reading frame was shown to have moderate promoter activity.