(n.) One who, or that which, protracts, or causes protraction.
(n.) A mathematical instrument for laying down and measuring angles on paper, used in drawing or in plotting. It is of various forms, semicircular, rectangular, or circular.
(n.) An instrument formerly used in extracting foreign or offensive matter from a wound.
(n.) A muscle which extends an organ or part; -- opposed to retractor.
(n.) An adjustable pattern used by tailors.
Example Sentences:
(1) Amongst heart, rectum and radula protractor muscles of Pila globosa, the heart showed a negative inotropic and negative chronotropic response while the rectum and radula protractor showed a positive tonotropic response to exogenously applied acetycholine (ACh).
(2) During each scratch cycle, the monoarticular knee extensor muscle is active when the limb rubs against the stimulated site, and there is rhythmic alternation between hip protractor and hip retractor muscle activity (Robertson et al., 1985).
(3) Interneurons are demonstrated in which membrane potential oscillations mirror the leg position or show correlation with the motoneuronal activity of the protractor and retractor coxae muscles during walking.
(4) Objective measurement of the optic nerve head (ONH)-foveal angle, representing the torsional status of 40 eyes in 20 normal patients, was performed by fundus photography and compared to a method utilizing an indirect ophthalmoscope and protractor described herein.
(5) Considering the demands for availability, simplicity, applicability, and precision, a new method employing a mobile C-arm fluoroscope equipped with a protractor is used for assessment.
(6) Tongue-muscle-controlling motoneurons (tongue-protractor motoneurons (PMNs) and tongue-retractor motoneurons (RMNs)) were identified antidromically, and synaptic inputs in response to electrical stimuli applied to various points in the thalamus (mainly the posterocentral thalamic nucleus) were examined.
(7) Maxillary protractors were used beneficially at the period of the dento-craniofacial growth spurt.
(8) The protractor and retractor neurons inhibited each other.
(9) In a rostral scratch, the monoarticular knee extensor muscle is active during the latter portion of hip protractor muscle activity; in a caudal scratch, the monoarticular knee extensor muscle is active near the end of hip retractor muscle activity.
(10) The most clinically useful were cervical rotation using a protractor, cervical lateral flexion using a goniometer, thoracolumbar flexion as the C7 to iliac crest line distraction, thoracolumbar lateral flexion as the fingertip to floor distance and the modified Schober index.
(11) Two antagonistic groups of neurons, active in protractor and retractor phases of the feeding cycle, were found in the buccal ganglia of the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina.
(12) The electrical stimuli applied to the glossopharyngeal nerve (ipsilateral lingual branch) evoked polysynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in tongue-protractor motoneurons and mixed mono- and polysynaptic EPSPs in tongue-retractor motoneurons.
(13) This included objective assessment of urethral axial positions and mobility with use of a specially designed protractor.
(14) In the stick insect (Carausius morosus) imposed forward and backward movements of the coxa of the middle leg induce resistance reflexes in the retractor or protractor coxae muscles, depending on the direction of movement.
(15) Patients with GED had significantly lower mean lid protractor force generation than normal subjects, although GED patients with compressive optic neuropathy did not show this difference.
(16) In some of the experiments, the hyperpolarization of group 1 neurons resulted in cessation of both their activity and the activity of all other protractor neurons.
(17) After an appropriate number of interrupted mattress sutures were placed along the host annulus, one of the 11 protractor rings was chosen and used to copy the partition onto the sewing ring with a tissue pen.
(18) The extensors of the head and neck, the protractors and retractors of the forelimb and the extensors of the shoulder, elbow and carpal joints are relatively stronger developed than those in Canidae and Felidae.
(19) With the help of the urethral protractor, the urethral stump can be directed into various positions in order to simplify the localization and control of bleeding close to the urethra.
(20) Most of the currently known FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) of molluscs were tested in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and in the two standard bioassays for FMRFamide: the radula protractor muscle of the whelk Busycon contrarium, and the isolated heart of the clam Mercenaria mercenaria.
Semicircular
Definition:
(a.) Having the form of half of a circle.
Example Sentences:
(1) In addition to the aqueduct other associated inner ear anomalies have been identified in 60% of this population including: enlarged vestibule (14); enlarged vestibule and lateral semicircular canal (7); enlarged vestibule and hypoplastic cochlea (4); and hypoplastic cochlea (4).
(2) It is concluded that the massive destruction of the normal anatomy in the lateral semicircular canal may be the morphological basis of a functional endolymphatic fistula for drainage of the endolymphatic hydrops.
(3) These findings imply that otolithic afferents, unlike those from the semicircular canals, do not interact with neural centres mediating visual localization.
(4) In all patients, the nystagmus elicited during the paroxysm was compatible with excitation of the posterior semicircular canal.
(5) In a series with sixteen normal adult volunteers, 22 to 45 years in age, 100% of the cochleae, vestibules, and lateral and posterior semicircular canals were clearly demonstrated in T2 weighted images.
(6) The chief characteristics of stage 18 (approximately 44 postovulatory days) are rapidly growing basal nuclei; appearance of the extraventricular bulge of the cerebellum (flocculus), of the superior cerebellar peduncle, and of follicles in the epiphysis cerebri; and the presence of vomeronasal organ and ganglion, of the bucconasal membrane, and of isolated semicircular ducts.
(7) Ach, cholinomimetics and cholinergic antagonists were therefore applied to frog isolated whole labyrinths and isolated semicircular canals.
(8) The electrical activity of single trochlear motoneurons (TMns) and axons of second order vestibular neurons presumably terminating on these motoneurons were studied during natural stimulation of semicircular canals and otolith organs in cats anesthetized with Ketamine.
(9) Warming or cooling stimuli to the canal side changed the activity of the semicircular nerve.
(10) In an attempt to destroy selectively the affected peripheral vestibular labyrinth in patients with intractable vertigo as a result of Meniere's disease, a known quantity of streptomycin was introduced within the bony labyrinth following fenestration of the horizontal semicircular canal.
(11) The decrease of the postrotatory reactions is not due to a lesion of the ampullary nerves of the horizontal semicircular canals and it may be explained by the existence of functional connections between the VAC and the horizontal canal.
(12) (4) The lateral semicircular canal was completely obliterated with destruction of the membranous canal.
(13) Separate extracellular injections were made of the anterior branch, the posterior branch, the ampullary nerve of each of the three semicircular canals, and the branch to the saccule.
(14) Intracellular records with glass microelectrodes filled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were taken from primary afferents of the horizontal semicircular canal in the lizard, Calotes versicolor.
(15) The other in Montreal, Canada, employed De Vega's semicircular annuloplasty in 17 cases.
(16) Our patient had anomalous configuration of lateral semicircular canal and an abnormally high location of the utricle and saccule.
(17) Although this series is not comprehensive enough, it seems to indicate that interruption of the lateral semicircular duct has a possibility of diminishing labyrinthine hydrops, as in cases of Ménière's disease, without hearing disturbance, provided that complications do not develop.
(18) Semicircular annuloplasty was applied to 16 patients with congenital heart diseases with systemic atrioventricular valve regurgitation (congenital MR 4, ECD 4, Fontan 7, BWG 1).
(19) The specimens revealed: absence of normal bile ducts; presence of thin-walled tubular or saccular cholangiectases with semicircular and annular fibrous crests, without evidence of superinfection; cholangiectases with secondary acute or chronic-cellular cholangitis, with or without cholangitic abscesses; fibrous cholangitis without ductal dilatation; transformation of bile ducts into fibrous cords which were either solid or contained remnants of bile duct epithelium, and complete loss of bile ducts.
(20) When simulating normally functioning semicircular canals, the model produced no nystagmus.