What's the difference between pulvinar and thalamus?
Pulvinar
Definition:
(n.) A prominence on the posterior part of the thalamus of the human brain.
Example Sentences:
(1) A 68 year-old man with a history of right thalamic hemorrhage demonstrated radiologically in the pulvinar and posterior portion of the dorsomedian nucleus developed a clinical picture of severe physical sequelae associated with major affective, behavioral and psychic disorders.
(2) In addition, it has reciprocal connections with some thalamic nuclear groups, e.g., the "pulvinar posterior" system.
(3) Lesions of the fiber tract in the pulvinar that inputs to the brachium of the superior colliculus caused a transient reduction in the buildup and peak velocity of OKN and OKAN.
(4) In the first group, which corresponds to the pulvinar inferior and ventral part of the pulvinar lateralis, we observed a greater respresentation of the central part of the visual field.
(5) In the association cortex preceding SC stimulation facilitated the response to test stimulation of pulvinar almost at all delays between the stimuli.
(6) Projections to area 5b (and to the laterally adjacent area suprasylviana anterior) mainly arise from LI, the dorsal part of VL, and the caudodorsal part of VA and CL; a moderate projection was also found from Po, the pulvinar, and the lateral dorsal complex.
(7) We have showed in a previous paper that the pulvinar extracellular unit activity in behaving monkeys was dependent on the attention the animal paid to the stimulus, or on its behavioral significance or on the intentional movements the animal performed.
(8) Based on the integration theory, the following predictions concerning this size constancy discrimination were made: 1) monkeys with pulvinar lesions, unable to code distance, should be impaired and adopt strategies based on retinal image size; and 2) monkeys with prestriate lesions, unable to code retinal image size, should be impaired and adopt strategies based on distance.
(9) An autoradiographic technique was used to determine superior colliculus (SC) and pulvinar projections in the rhesus monkey.
(10) During the induction of FR PDs by ILS trains, the visual structures (occipital cortex, colliculi superioris, pulvinar) show a significant MUA increase which is not related to the PD spike or wave but is correlated to the flashes.
(11) In somatosensory cortex, the pattern of CCK binding in layer IV coincided with thalamic inputs arising from the ventrobasal complex, while in the posterior cingulate gyrus, insular cortex, and retrosplenial cortex, layer IV and lower III binding mirrored the laminar distribution of cortical afferents of the medial pulvinar.
(12) Patterns of connections with other visual structures and architectonic characteristics were used to subdivide the inferior pulvinar complex of owl monkeys into three distinct nuclei termed the central inferior pulvinar, IPc, the medial inferior pulvinar, IPm, and the posterior inferior pulvinar, IPp.
(13) The representation of the area centralis in the retino-pulvinar projection is displaced rostrally as compared with the retino-geniculate projection.
(14) The rostral portion of the lower bank receives projections only from the ventromedial sector of the PM nucleus, whereas the middle portion of the lower bank receives projections from the PL and the inferior pulvinar nuclei as well as from the PM nucleus.
(15) Cortico-pulvinar neurons were identified in one heterotypical cortical area (area 17) and in many homotypical areas in frontal (areas 45, 46, 11, 12), parietal (5, 7), occipital (18, 19) and temporal (20, 21, 22) lobes.
(16) Area 36 receives many fibers from the ventrolateral part of the medial pulvinar nucleus and the suprageniculate nucleus, a lesser number from the other parts of the medial pulvinar nucleus, and some fibers from the medial geniculate nucleus, particularly its dorsal principal part.
(17) Less cells were labelled in the magnocellular MG, lateral pulvinar and posterior nucleus.
(18) Retrogradely labeled cells were found in the retina bilaterally after injections of HRP into the pulvinar nucleus.
(19) It is now well established that the lateral posterior-pulvinar (LP-P) complex of mammals is involved in visual processing.
(20) Reaction times of monkeys with inferior pulvinar lesions tended to be longer than for controls or for those with medial and lateral pulvinar lesions.
Thalamus
Definition:
(n.) A mass of nervous matter on either side of the third ventricle of the brain; -- called also optic thalamus.
(n.) Same as Thallus.
(n.) The receptacle of a flower; a torus.
Example Sentences:
(1) While the heaviest anterogradely labeled ascending projections were observed to the contralateral ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, pars oralis (VPLo), efferent projections were also observed to the contralateral ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VLc) and central lateral (CL) nucleus of the thalamic intralaminar complex, magnocellular (and to a lesser extent parvicellular) red nucleus, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, zona incerta, nucleus of the posterior commissure, lateral intermediate layer and deep layer of the superior colliculus, dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, contralateral nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and basilar pontine nuclei (especially dorsal and peduncular), and dorsal (DAO) and medial (MAO) accessory olivary nuclei, ipsilateral lateral (external) cuneate nucleus (LCN) and lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), and to a lesser extent the caudal medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and caudal nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), and dorsal medullary raphe.
(2) The hippocampus plays an essential role in the laying down of cognitive memories, the pathway to the frontal lobe being via the MD thalamus.
(3) Neurons containing moderate to high concentrations of ChE reaction product were found in 3 distinct regions of the dorsal thalamus.
(4) Morphological results demonstrated that 30 Gy irradiated animals showed extensive necrosis primarily in the fimbria, which extended into the internal capsule, optic nerve, hippocampus, and thalamus.
(5) The occurrence of paresis or paralysis in ischemic processes strictly situated in the thalamus, however, is discussed: the deficit may be limited to parts of limbs; most often, it is not associated with pyramidal symptomatology; recovery is observed in the hand before the inferior limb.
(6) The presence of gelatinosa neurons projecting to the thalamus emphasizes a point made in earlier reports, that these neurons do not form an homogeneous population.
(7) The existence is therefore proposed of some neural mechanism that controls the higher cerebral function of writing via the thalamus.
(8) To identify the origin of scalp-recorded far-field negativity of short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials to median nerve stimulation (designated N18), direct records were made from the thalamus and ventricular system during 4 stereotaxic and 3 posterior fossa operations.
(9) The neighbouring neocortical areas receive afferents neither from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus nor from the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum; their catecholamine innervation is mainly confined to the superficial layers and appears to be of noradrenergic nature.
(10) The tonic influences were expressed in an increase in the amplitude parameters of the responses of the visual cortex in conditions of the formation in the posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus of a focus of heightened excitability (anode polarization), and their perceptible diminution with potassium depression in this nucleus.
(11) Glutamate-immunoreactive neurons were present throughout the acoustic thalamus, including the regions containing the retrogradely labeled neurons.
(12) Neutral aminopeptidase activity showed a significant decrease in the thalamus and cerebellum with marked (not significant) changes in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, medulla, and occipital cortex.
(13) CT findings of 6 cases with germinoma originating in the basal ganglia and thalamus are reported.
(14) Parkinsonism in the present case may be due to the involvement of multiple neuronal circuits of the extrapyramidal system at the level of the midbrain to the thalamus.
(15) Thus, the possibility of defects at other sites, such as the globus pallidus or thalamus must be considered.
(16) Histochemically the lowered activity of enzymes was localized mainly in the neuropil of: striatum, the Broc's nuclei and rhinencephalon: in the nervous cells of: Ammon's horn, nuclei of thalamus and in neocortex.
(17) Peripheral nerve grafts were inserted into the thalamus in 27 Sprague-Dawley rats.
(18) For the stereotactic treatment of Parkinson's disease, the target is usually located in the thalamus; this point is related to nearby structures (third ventricle).
(19) CT findings of them revealed that the hematomas were large or invaded toward the internal capsule and thalamus.
(20) Background activity recorded extracellularly from three anterior (limbic) nuclei of the thalamus was analyzed in chronic unanesthetized rabbits.