What's the difference between radical and thionyl?
Radical
Definition:
(a.) Of or pertaining to the root; proceeding directly from the root.
(a.) Hence: Of or pertaining to the root or origin; reaching to the center, to the foundation, to the ultimate sources, to the principles, or the like; original; fundamental; thorough-going; unsparing; extreme; as, radical evils; radical reform; a radical party.
(a.) Belonging to, or proceeding from, the root of a plant; as, radical tubers or hairs.
(a.) Proceeding from a rootlike stem, or one which does not rise above the ground; as, the radical leaves of the dandelion and the sidesaddle flower.
(a.) Relating, or belonging, to the root, or ultimate source of derivation; as, a radical verbal form.
(a.) Of or pertaining to a radix or root; as, a radical quantity; a radical sign. See below.
(n.) A primitive word; a radix, root, or simple, underived, uncompounded word; an etymon.
(n.) A primitive letter; a letter that belongs to the radix.
(n.) One who advocates radical changes in government or social institutions, especially such changes as are intended to level class inequalities; -- opposed to conservative.
(n.) A characteristic, essential, and fundamental constituent of any compound; hence, sometimes, an atom.
(n.) Specifically, a group of two or more atoms, not completely saturated, which are so linked that their union implies certain properties, and are conveniently regarded as playing the part of a single atom; a residue; -- called also a compound radical. Cf. Residue.
(n.) A radical quantity. See under Radical, a.
(a.) A radical vessel. See under Radical, a.
Example Sentences:
(1) In conclusion, the efficacy of free tissue transfer in the treatment of osteomyelitis is geared mainly at enabling the surgeon to perform a wide radical debridement of infected and nonviable soft tissue and bone.
(2) The hypothesis that proteins are critical targets in free radical mediated cytolysis was tested using U937 mononuclear phagocytes as targets and iron together with hydrogen peroxide to generate radicals.
(3) These membrane perturbation effects not observed with bleomycin-iron in the presence of a hydroxyl radical scavenger, dimethyl thiourea, or a chelating agent, desferrioxamine, were correlated with the ability of the complex to generate highly reactive oxygen species.
(4) The role of O2 free radicals in the reduction of sarcolemmal Na+-K+-ATPase, which occurs during reperfusion of ischemic heart, was examined in isolated guinea pig heart using exogenous scavengers of O2 radicals and an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
(5) Flow cytometric DNA analysis was performed on both fresh and on paraffin embedded samples obtained by gastroscopic biopsies in 5 patients with histologically normal gastric mucosa (20 specimens) and by radical gastrectomies in 9 cases of human gastric cancer (36 specimens).
(7) Residual cancer was found in the radical prostatectomy specimen in 11 of the 29 stage-A1 patients (38%) and in 66 of the 86 stage-A2 patients (77%).
(8) This may be due to DMSO's ability to scavenge free radicals.
(9) A more radical surgery is recommended but with the limitation that the operative method must be adapted to the operative finding.
(10) The present study explored the possibility that SOD-mimics such as desferrioxamine-Mn(III) chelate [DF-Mn] or cyclic nitroxide stable free radicals could protect from O2-.-independent damage.
(11) Treatment modalities included: partial temporal bone resection, subtotal temporal bone resection, total temporal bone resection, radical mastoidectomy followed by radiation therapy, radiation therapy alone, and chemotherapy.
(12) Leaders of Tory local government are preparing radical proposals for minimum 10% cuts in public spending in the search for savings.
(13) Plays like The Workhouse Donkey (1963) and Armstrong's Last Goodnight (1964) were staged in major theatres, but as the decade progressed so his identification with the increasingly radical climate of the times began to lead away from the mainstream theatre.
(14) 78% of the recurrences were seen two years postoperatively and 27% were asymptomatic; 10% underwent radical operation, 27% palliative operation and 63% conservative treatment.
(15) The kinetics of bimolecular decay of alpha-tocopheroxyl free radicals (T) was studied by ESR mainly in ethanol and heptanol solvents.
(16) While the correlations between speed and accuracy reversed over time, the abnormal vision group began and ended at the most extreme levels, having undergone a significantly more radical shift in this regard.
(17) NPR reported that investigators have not found telltale signs associated with Islamist radicalization , such as a change in mosques or abrupt shifts in behavior or family associations.
(18) The second triplet, which was stable in the dark at 4.2 K following illumination, was assigned to the radical pair Donor+I-.
(19) It may be due to relative nonreactivity of ascorbic acid free radical that free radical chain reactions, found commonly in radical chemistry, do not occur in the scavenging reaction by ascorbic acid.
(20) The free radical scavengers mannitol, thiourea, benzoate, and 4-methylmercapto-2-oxobutyrate protected either native cells exposed to H2O2 or pretreated hepatocytes exposed to H2O2 and given ferric or ferrous iron.
Thionyl
Definition:
(n.) The hypothetical radical SO, regarded as an essential constituent of certain sulphurous compounds; as, thionyl chloride.
Example Sentences:
(1) Selective cleavage of O-benzyl groups in the presence of an N-benzyl group using HCl and formation of a cyclic sulfite ester from the reaction of a catechol with thionyl chloride were achieved.
(2) Substituted o-aminobenzoic acids used as the starting materials were allowed to react with acetic anhydride and then p-amino-phenol (method A), or with N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)formamide (method B), or with thionyl chloride and then N-(4-hydroxybenzyl)formamide (method C) to form 3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl(benzyl)]-substituted 4(3H)-quinazolinones (III).
(3) The reaction between 1,9-phenazinedicarboxylic acid and thionyl chloride in the presence of dimethylformamide unexpectedly gave 4-chloro-1,9-phenazinedicarbonyl chloride.
(4) Treatment of the 2,3,4,2',3',4'-hexa- O-acetyl-alpha, alpha-trehalosuronic acid 16 with thionyl chloride followed by diazomethane gave a crystalline bisdiazoketone which, however, failed to produce the expected bis(heptosiduronic acid) on attempted Wolff rearrangement.
(5) One of these analogues, dimethylthionocarbamylcholine (DMTC-Ch), has the ester carbonyl oxygen replaced by a thionyl sulfur.
(6) Hydrolysis of 3 gave the corresponding acids 4 which on treatment with thionyl chloride followed by ammonia afforded the corresponding carboxamides 5.
(7) The oxathiadiazoles 6 were synthesized by a two-step sequence: treatment of a substituted acetonitrile (4) with hydroxylamine to give the corresponding amidoxime (5) and cyclization with thionyl chloride to yield 6.
(8) Preservatives were isolated by extraction of the samples with diethyl ether in acidic media, and then converted into methyl esters with thionyl chloride.
(9) This route involves displacement reactions on the allylic chloride (4h) prepared from 4a by reaction with thionyl chloride.
(10) The reaction of 3beta, 5beta-dihydroxy cholestanes with thionyl chloride is shown to yield cyclicsulfite esters containing boat heterocyclic rings with the S=O oxygen axial or equatorial, depending upon the mode of formation.
(11) Treatment of these compounds with hydriodic acid at 95 degrees and then with thionyl chloride gave rise to the formation of the corresponding bis-(beta-chloroethyl)amino derivatives.
(12) A second generation, implantable drug administration device (DAD, Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis) which contains a 20-mL drug reservoir, a lithium-thionyl-chloride battery, a peristaltic roller pump, a microprocessor circuit, and an acoustic transducer has entered clinical trials.
(13) (Ethoxycarbonyl)phosphonic dichloride (3) was synthesized by chlorination of bis(trimethylsilyl) (ethoxycarbonyl)phosphonate with thionyl chloride.
(14) GC analysis of the reaction product of 5alpha-cholestan-6alpha-ol and thionyl chloride showed the formation of 6alpha-chloro-5alpha-cholestane, cholest-5-ene, 5-chloro-5alpha-cholestane, and traces of four unidentified substances, whilst the GC-MS system furnished visual reproductions of the gas chromatograms, but again failed to yield corresponding mass chromatograms.
(15) Azulenes reacted unexpectedly and readily with thionyl chloride to give sulfonic acid chlorides and bisthioethers.
(16) Chlorination of 4a with thionyl chloride followed by alpha-bromination with bromine yielded 2-bromo-3,3-dimethyl[1-14C]-butyryl halide (5a), which was subsequently condensed with alpha, alpha-dimethylbenzylamine (6a) to afford [carbonyl-14C]bromobutide (1a).
(17) We have synthesized this derivative from the reaction of thionyl chloride with O6-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine, and have found that it decomposes to 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine through an intermediate, presumably 1,O6-ethanoguanine.
(18) Diols II, synthesized from I with NaBH4, were cyclized to five-membered cyclic compounds III by using N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole, thionyl chloride, N,N'-(thiocarbonyl)diimidazole, bromochloromethane, 2,2-dimethoxypropane, and cyclohexanone dimethyl ketal.
(19) The acetylated derivative of the trihydroxy C25 bile acid was then converted into 3 alpha,6 beta,7 alpha,26-tetraacetoxy-27-nor-5 beta-cholestan-25-one by successive treatment with thionyl chloride, diazomethane, and acetic acid.
(20) Treatment of methyl ricinoleate with thionyl chloride, followed by the reaction with dichlorocarbene gave the corresponding 12-chloro-dichlorocyclopropane derivative.