(n.) The chitinous ribbon bearing the teeth of mollusks; -- called also lingual ribbon, and tongue. See Odontophore.
Example Sentences:
(1) Amongst heart, rectum and radula protractor muscles of Pila globosa, the heart showed a negative inotropic and negative chronotropic response while the rectum and radula protractor showed a positive tonotropic response to exogenously applied acetycholine (ACh).
(2) In the Aplysia accessory radula contractor muscle, prolonged exposure to serotonin or to the peptide transmitter small cardioactive peptide B, both of which produce large increases in intracellular cAMP, does not decrease regulatory subunits.
(3) We also obtained evidence that suggests that enough SCP is released under physiological conditions to modulate neuromuscular activity in the accessory radula closer.
(4) Most of the currently known FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) of molluscs were tested in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and in the two standard bioassays for FMRFamide: the radula protractor muscle of the whelk Busycon contrarium, and the isolated heart of the clam Mercenaria mercenaria.
(5) The cycle of radula movements consisted of three phases: quiescence (Q), protraction (P) and retraction (R).
(6) The SO makes reciprocal excitatory synapses with the N1 interneurons that drive the protraction of the radula.
(7) Acetone extract of the ganglia of Fusinus ferrugineus was applied to C-18 cartridges, and the flowthrough and retained materials were bioassayed on the radula retractor muscle of the animal.
(8) Movements of the radula and the hooks (which the Clione inserts into the body of its prey) as well as the electroneurogram of the radular nerve were recorded.
(9) The present results show that FMRFamide- and CARP-like peptides are involved in the regulation of the contraction of radula muscles and the heart beat.
(10) The siliceous radulae were examined histologically.
(11) The accessory radula closer (ARC) buccal muscles have been used to study this phenomenon, and it has been shown that changes in ARC muscle contraction are partially due to activity of a serotonergic neuron that modulates this muscle, by both a direct action and an action on two ARC motor neurons (B15 and B16).
(12) Corresponding to each radula movement was a burst of activity in the radular nerve, consisting of the protractor and the retractor components.
(13) In the radula muscles, FMRFamide-related peptides were suggested to act on presynaptic sites to enhance their contraction elicited by nerve stimulation, possibly by increasing the release of a main transmitter.
(14) Several peaks of FMRFamide-like bioactivity (Busycon radula protractor muscle assay) were detected with a linear gradient of 5 to 30% acetonitrile.
(15) The radula of snails is formed at the posterior end of the radular gland or pocket, and degraded at the same rate at its anterior end.
(16) In previous studies, we demonstrated that B15, one of the two cholinergic motor neurons of the accessory radula closer muscle of Aplysia, synthesizes two peptides, small cardioactive peptides A and B (SCPA and SCPB), that, when exogenously applied, increase the size and relaxation rate of muscle contractions elicited by motor neuron stimulation.
(17) The accessory radula closer (ARC) buccal muscle motor neuron B16 is buccalin-immunoreactive and it synthesizes a peptide with chromatographic properties identical to those of buccalin.
(18) Low concentrations (10(-9)-10(-8) M) of this substance not only excite the isolated clam heart, but also produce tonic contractions of the isolated radula protractor muscle of the whelk, Busycon contrarium.
(19) Nerve fibres containing vesicles with electron dense neurosecretory material (deduced from the diameter of 200--250 nm) are attached to this sheath or penetrate into it; they may be involved in the regulation of production and degradation processes during radula replacement.
(20) The MCCs potentiate contractions of a muscle utilized in biting, the accessory radula closer (ARCM), when contractions are elicited by stimulation of either of the two cholinergic motor neurons B15 or B16 that innervate the muscle.
Ranula
Definition:
(n.) A cyst formed under the tongue by obstruction of the duct of the submaxillary gland.
Example Sentences:
(1) CT findings in 38 additional patients with a variety of cystic lesions in the floor of the mouth are contrasted with findings in cases of ranulas.
(2) Also 4 cases of plunging ranula are presented; three were treated by extirpation of the sublingual gland and one was treated by exteriorization of the ranula into the oral cavity.
(3) Results of considerable experimental work reported by others, support the concept that plunging ranulas are extravasations of saliva from the sublingual glands.
(4) A plunging ranula can be readily identified preoperatively with computed tomography as a cystic mass in the suprahyoid anterior neck.
(5) It is recommended that oral ranula be treated initially by marsupialization with packing and, if recurrence occurs, then the offending sublingual gland should be excised.
(6) The pathology and treatment of harelip, hydrocephalus, the adenoids, ranula, gynecomastia, imperforated external urinary meatus, circumcision, hermaphrodites, imperforate anus, and supernumerary and webbed finger were all described by Albucasis, and his remarks are discussed here in some detail.
(7) Review of our experience with 26 patients over 12 years ending in 1986 substantiated a concept previously advocated by other authors that ranulas are usually extravasation pseudocysts developing after disruption of sublingual gland elements, and that excision of the ipsilateral sublingual gland is the management approach of choice.
(8) Treatment of salivary mucoceles (cervical salivary gland cyst, ranula or pharyngeal mucocele) consists in surgical resection of the affected salivary gland.
(9) Microscopic examination of histologic sections revealed the lesion to have the characteristics of a sialocele (ranula).
(10) The origin of a ranula is due to obliteration of a minor duct of the sublingual gland.
(11) Three cases of plunging ranula are described and the literature is reviewed.
(12) Pathogenesis and treatment of ranulas is briefly discussed.
(13) A case report of a 36-year-old man with a plunging ranula of 15 years' duration, in which squamous cell carcinoma arose from the cyst wall, is presented.
(14) A review of the literature pertaining to plunging ranula is presented with special emphasis on the historical development of the various aetiological theories and treatment recommendations.
(15) Ranulas or mucoceles of the floor of the mouth are cysts arising from the sublingual glands.
(16) A case is reported of a papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the sublingual gland which presented as a ranula.
(17) This review suggests that excision of the sublingual gland with intra-oral drainage of the cervical swelling appears to be the treatment of choice for the plunging ranula.
(18) The pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and treatment of ranulas are discussed.
(19) The literature is reviewed, and four personal cases of cervical ranula presented.
(20) These complications are rare and the causal relationship between gland trauma-ranula is confirmed, via the constant difficulty of dissection of Wharton's duct and the appearance of the ranula within a delay of 3 to 6 months.