(n.) The chitinous ribbon bearing the teeth of mollusks; -- called also lingual ribbon, and tongue. See Odontophore.
Example Sentences:
(1) Amongst heart, rectum and radula protractor muscles of Pila globosa, the heart showed a negative inotropic and negative chronotropic response while the rectum and radula protractor showed a positive tonotropic response to exogenously applied acetycholine (ACh).
(2) In the Aplysia accessory radula contractor muscle, prolonged exposure to serotonin or to the peptide transmitter small cardioactive peptide B, both of which produce large increases in intracellular cAMP, does not decrease regulatory subunits.
(3) We also obtained evidence that suggests that enough SCP is released under physiological conditions to modulate neuromuscular activity in the accessory radula closer.
(4) Most of the currently known FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) of molluscs were tested in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and in the two standard bioassays for FMRFamide: the radula protractor muscle of the whelk Busycon contrarium, and the isolated heart of the clam Mercenaria mercenaria.
(5) The cycle of radula movements consisted of three phases: quiescence (Q), protraction (P) and retraction (R).
(6) The SO makes reciprocal excitatory synapses with the N1 interneurons that drive the protraction of the radula.
(7) Acetone extract of the ganglia of Fusinus ferrugineus was applied to C-18 cartridges, and the flowthrough and retained materials were bioassayed on the radula retractor muscle of the animal.
(8) Movements of the radula and the hooks (which the Clione inserts into the body of its prey) as well as the electroneurogram of the radular nerve were recorded.
(9) The present results show that FMRFamide- and CARP-like peptides are involved in the regulation of the contraction of radula muscles and the heart beat.
(10) The siliceous radulae were examined histologically.
(11) The accessory radula closer (ARC) buccal muscles have been used to study this phenomenon, and it has been shown that changes in ARC muscle contraction are partially due to activity of a serotonergic neuron that modulates this muscle, by both a direct action and an action on two ARC motor neurons (B15 and B16).
(12) Corresponding to each radula movement was a burst of activity in the radular nerve, consisting of the protractor and the retractor components.
(13) In the radula muscles, FMRFamide-related peptides were suggested to act on presynaptic sites to enhance their contraction elicited by nerve stimulation, possibly by increasing the release of a main transmitter.
(14) Several peaks of FMRFamide-like bioactivity (Busycon radula protractor muscle assay) were detected with a linear gradient of 5 to 30% acetonitrile.
(15) The radula of snails is formed at the posterior end of the radular gland or pocket, and degraded at the same rate at its anterior end.
(16) In previous studies, we demonstrated that B15, one of the two cholinergic motor neurons of the accessory radula closer muscle of Aplysia, synthesizes two peptides, small cardioactive peptides A and B (SCPA and SCPB), that, when exogenously applied, increase the size and relaxation rate of muscle contractions elicited by motor neuron stimulation.
(17) The accessory radula closer (ARC) buccal muscle motor neuron B16 is buccalin-immunoreactive and it synthesizes a peptide with chromatographic properties identical to those of buccalin.
(18) Low concentrations (10(-9)-10(-8) M) of this substance not only excite the isolated clam heart, but also produce tonic contractions of the isolated radula protractor muscle of the whelk, Busycon contrarium.
(19) Nerve fibres containing vesicles with electron dense neurosecretory material (deduced from the diameter of 200--250 nm) are attached to this sheath or penetrate into it; they may be involved in the regulation of production and degradation processes during radula replacement.
(20) The MCCs potentiate contractions of a muscle utilized in biting, the accessory radula closer (ARCM), when contractions are elicited by stimulation of either of the two cholinergic motor neurons B15 or B16 that innervate the muscle.
Snail
Definition:
(n.) Any one of numerous species of terrestrial air-breathing gastropods belonging to the genus Helix and many allied genera of the family Helicidae. They are abundant in nearly all parts of the world except the arctic regions, and feed almost entirely on vegetation; a land snail.
(n.) Any gastropod having a general resemblance to the true snails, including fresh-water and marine species. See Pond snail, under Pond, and Sea snail.
(n.) Hence, a drone; a slow-moving person or thing.
(n.) A spiral cam, or a flat piece of metal of spirally curved outline, used for giving motion to, or changing the position of, another part, as the hammer tail of a striking clock.
(n.) A tortoise; in ancient warfare, a movable roof or shed to protect besiegers; a testudo.
(n.) The pod of the sanil clover.
Example Sentences:
(1) The snail host was a tetraploid form of Bulinus (n = 36).
(2) Between the 24th and 29th day mature daughter sporocysts with fully developed cercariae ready to emerge, or already emerged, could be seen in the digestive gland of the snail.
(3) omega-Conotoxin GVIA is a peptide purified from the venom of the marine snail, Conus geographus, that specifically blocks voltage-sensitive calcium channels in neurons.
(4) Measurable quantities of temefos were found in the snails within 1 day after the first treatment with a 2% granular formulation but 3 weeks elapsed before uptake occurred following treatment with a temefos emulsion.
(5) In the presence of ATP-Mg2+, the enzymes were rapidly phosphorylated in vitro by the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase purified from snail muscle and also by the C subunit of protein kinase from bovine heart.
(6) A wide but discontinuous distribution of the snail on the north coast of Haiti is confirmed (no autochthonous infections with S. mansoni have been reported).
(7) The cercariae shed from the snails were again exposed to several species of fresh water snails in order to observe metacercarial formation in the snails and their infectivity to final hosts.
(8) These data confirm that both eggs and miracidia secrete proteinases which are capable of degrading at least the glycoprotein components of extracellular matrix to facilitate their migration through intestinal wall or penetration of snail tissue.
(9) When used in snail neurones such electrodes gave very similar pHi values to those recorded simultaneously by recessed-tip glass micro-electrodes.
(10) The whole body withdrawal reaction of freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus consists of two phases.
(11) An explanation of this in terms of terrestrial snail (intermediate host) populations and a suggestion for the possible use of these data in developing a predictive model for forecasting lungworm levels for use in in bighorn sheep management are given.
(12) Aridanin and bayluscide produced significant reductions in the glycogen content of B. glabrata, but a significant decrease in the protein content of the snails was not apparent until after 4 weeks of continuous exposure.
(13) The rarer of the two ChE phenotypes in the uninfected sample (29.4%) was present in 100% of the 17 infected snails examined.
(14) Using Ca-sensitive fluorescent probe (fura-2) Sr and Ba absorption by intracellular organelles after cell loading by these cations and their effect on Ca release from intracellular stores were studied on isolated snail neurons.
(15) Schistosomin is produced in the central nervous system of the snail and released upon parasitic infection.
(16) In the present study, buccal ganglion neurons 5 were examined following exposure of animals to conditions that induce estivation, a behavioral state exhibited by these freshwater snails in nature.
(17) The effects of gamma-globulins to brain specific nonhistone chromatin proteins (BSNCP-3.5;-3.6) on conditioned food avoidance behaviour (carrot or apple) was studied in the garden snail.
(18) Tilts of the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus, resulting in statocyst receptor stimulation, induced the defensive reaction including pulling down of the shell, shortening of the foot, inhibition of locomotion and feeding.
(19) Several biological and physical factors which may influence infection of Biomphalaria glabrata snails with the first stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis were studied.
(20) In both juvenile and adult pond snails, LS1+ (LS1 positive) hemocytes have the morphology of immature cells.