(a.) Apparently moving backward, and contrary to the succession of the signs, that is, from east to west, as a planet.
(a.) Tending or moving backward; having a backward course; contrary; as, a retrograde motion; -- opposed to progressive.
(a.) Declining from a better to a worse state; as, a retrograde people; retrograde ideas, morals, etc.
(v. i.) To go in a retrograde direction; to move, or appear to move, backward, as a planet.
(v. i.) Hence, to decline from a better to a worse condition, as in morals or intelligence.
Example Sentences:
(1) Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography failed to demonstrate any bile ducts in the right postero-lateral segments of the liver, the "naked segment sign".
(2) Nonetheless, anatomical continuity was restored at the site of injury, axons projected across this region, and rostral spinal and brainstem neurons could be retrogradely labelled following HRP injections administered caudal to the lesion.
(3) The recorded APs were further subdivided into those exhibiting consistent antegrade conduction during sinus rhythm (overt APs: 50 left APs, eight right APs), those exhibiting intermittent antegrade conduction (intermittent APs: six left APs, two right APs), and those exhibiting only retrograde conduction (concealed APs: 33 left APs, two right APs).
(4) The behavior of the retrograde H deflection in respect to the first extra beat following the premature QRS complex helped in excluding bundle branch reentry.
(5) Diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with complicated forms of the disease helps in identifying the cause of jaundice before the operation.
(7) This report describes a newly developed catheter system with the aid of which the cystic duct and gallbladder can be reliably catheterized, retrograde, via an endoscope.
(8) Previous studies are reviewed in the light of new information on retrograde axonal transport, circumventricular organs, the proper use of horseradish peroxidase, freeze-fracturing, immunocytochemistry and plasma protein gene expression in the developing human brain.
(9) Injection of horseradish peroxidase into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) led to heavy retrograde and anterograde labeling in the region of the hypothalamus that yielded the CRDR when stimulated electrically.
(10) These characteristics are consistent with the proposal that cytoplasmic dynein plays a universal role in retrograde organelle motility.
(11) Retrograde extrapolation is applicable in the forensic setting with scientific reliability when reasonable and justifiable assumptions are utilized.
(12) After injection of HRP-WGA into the contralateral hippocampus 2% of hilar NPY-i neurons were retrogradely labeled and symmetric NPY-i synapses were found on the cell bodies and dendrites of unstained HRP-WGA labeled neurons.
(13) Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and immunocytochemical visualization of glutamate (Glu) were combined to investigate the neurotransmitter used by cortico-cortical neurons in the first (SI) and second (SII) somatic sensory areas of macaque monkeys.
(14) In 40 subjects the propagation sequence of phasic contractions could be evaluated and were simultaneous in 53%, antegrade in 35%, and retrograde in 11% of the waves.
(15) 314 patients were managed conservatively and 524 required intervention therapy: 52 with blind endoscopic techniques, 93 with open surgery, 122 with retrograde ureteroscopy, 168 with percutaneous extraction and 92 with ESWL.
(16) None of the cases was diagnosed by retrograde pyelography for fractionally visualized excretory urography and 3 were within 9 months of a previously normal excretory urogram alone or with retrograde pyelography.
(17) We examined in rats the effectiveness of administering verapamil into ischemic tissue by retrograde perfusion through the cerebral vein, starting 3 hours after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.
(18) Fluorescent labels, injected into either the hindlimb muscles or the cerebellum, are retrogradely transported to motoneurones or dorsal spinocerebellar tract neurones respectively.
(19) Glutamate-immunoreactive neurons were present throughout the acoustic thalamus, including the regions containing the retrogradely labeled neurons.
(20) Injections of horseradish peroxidase into the telencephalon retrogradely labeled neurons ipsilaterally in various thalamic, preglomerular, and tuberal nuclei, the nucleus of the locus coeruleus (also contralaterally), the superior raphe, and portions of the nucleus lateralis valvulae.
Revert
Definition:
(v. t.) To turn back, or to the contrary; to reverse.
(v. t.) To throw back; to reflect; to reverberate.
(v. t.) To change back. See Revert, v. i.
(v. i.) To return; to come back.
(v. i.) To return to the proprietor after the termination of a particular estate granted by him.
(v. i.) To return, wholly or in part, towards some preexistent form; to take on the traits or characters of an ancestral type.
(v. i.) To change back, as from a soluble to an insoluble state or the reverse; thus, phosphoric acid in certain fertilizers reverts.
(n.) One who, or that which, reverts.
Example Sentences:
(1) Friend erythroleukemia cells were induced to differentiate by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and hexamethylene-bis-acetamide (HBMA) in order to investigate whether their lipid characteristics, common to other systems of transformed cells, revert to a normal differentiation pattern.
(2) Upon depletion of ATP in contraction, the P2 intensity reverted to the original rigor level, accompanied by development of rigor tension.
(3) Lipoprotein concentrations reverted to normal after substitution with thyroxine (T4) until the euthyroid state was reached.
(4) As compared with solvent-treated control, no significant increases were observed in the number of revertant colonies in all tester strains in both systems with and without mammalian metabolic activation (S9 Mix).
(5) Proteolytic activity of cell extracts from revertants of Shigella flexneri L-forms as well as biochemical properties of these strains and their sensitivity to antibiotics were studied.
(6) A total of 43 tra-3 revertants (one intragenic, 42 extragenic) have been isolated and analyzed, in the hope of identifying new sex-determination loci.
(7) All cellular signals characterized so far are reverted during retrodifferentiation: Redistribution of PKC and down-regulation of c-fos and c-jun contribute to an interruption of the differentiation-associated transsignaling cascade.
(8) Fruiting revertants of these strains accumulate wild-type levels of alpha-mannosidase-1 activity, suggesting that both the enzymatic and morphological defects are caused by single mutations in nonstructural genes essential for early development.
(9) All revertants to prototrophy tested showed the rifampin-sensitive (Rifs) property.
(10) This product was glycosylated since it bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose and reverted to the 66-kDa polypeptide after treatment with endoglycosidase H. This glycosylated product was resistant to protease digestion and fractionated with microsomal membranes on sucrose gradients, indicating that it is incorporated into the microsomal membranes.
(11) Of the five patients who had diabetes prior to treatment, three reverted to normal glucose tolerance during treatment.
(12) We studied the activation of polyoma middle T expression in revertant cells carrying transcriptionally inactive copies of the middle T (pmt) oncogene.
(13) However, with subsequent subcultivation, eight isolates reverted back to the standard of exhibiting motility and pellicle formation.
(14) A significant correlation was observed between prolactin and creatinine concentrations in these patients (r = 0.45 P less than 0.005) and prolactin reverted towards normal after successful renal transplantation.
(15) Conversely, when obesity was permitted to recur by giving the mice free access to food, PRL levels reverted back to the original obese pattern.
(16) We have isolated and characterized revertants of ts24, a member of the A complementation group of Sindbis HR mutants, that we had demonstrated previously to have a temperature-sensitive defect in the regulation of minus-strand synthesis.
(17) All revertants of adA24 carried dominant suppressor mutations.
(18) Using this technique we have cloned and sequenced the structural protein region of ts20 and of several revertants and concluded that the mutation was a change from histidine to leucine at amino acid 291 of E2.
(19) To study important epitopes on glycoprotein E2 of Sindbis virus, eight variants selected to be singly or multiply resistant to six neutralizing monoclonal antibodies reactive against E2, as well as four revertants which had regained sensitivity to neutralization, were sequenced throughout the E2 region.
(20) Enzymatic data for those ICR-191A-induced revertants of hisD3018 arising within the hisD gene indicate that the enzyme is wild type and, therefore, that ICR-191A can cause deletions as well as additions of single base pairs.