(a.) Apparently moving backward, and contrary to the succession of the signs, that is, from east to west, as a planet.
(a.) Tending or moving backward; having a backward course; contrary; as, a retrograde motion; -- opposed to progressive.
(a.) Declining from a better to a worse state; as, a retrograde people; retrograde ideas, morals, etc.
(v. i.) To go in a retrograde direction; to move, or appear to move, backward, as a planet.
(v. i.) Hence, to decline from a better to a worse condition, as in morals or intelligence.
Example Sentences:
(1) Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography failed to demonstrate any bile ducts in the right postero-lateral segments of the liver, the "naked segment sign".
(2) Nonetheless, anatomical continuity was restored at the site of injury, axons projected across this region, and rostral spinal and brainstem neurons could be retrogradely labelled following HRP injections administered caudal to the lesion.
(3) The recorded APs were further subdivided into those exhibiting consistent antegrade conduction during sinus rhythm (overt APs: 50 left APs, eight right APs), those exhibiting intermittent antegrade conduction (intermittent APs: six left APs, two right APs), and those exhibiting only retrograde conduction (concealed APs: 33 left APs, two right APs).
(4) The behavior of the retrograde H deflection in respect to the first extra beat following the premature QRS complex helped in excluding bundle branch reentry.
(5) Diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with complicated forms of the disease helps in identifying the cause of jaundice before the operation.
(7) This report describes a newly developed catheter system with the aid of which the cystic duct and gallbladder can be reliably catheterized, retrograde, via an endoscope.
(8) Previous studies are reviewed in the light of new information on retrograde axonal transport, circumventricular organs, the proper use of horseradish peroxidase, freeze-fracturing, immunocytochemistry and plasma protein gene expression in the developing human brain.
(9) Injection of horseradish peroxidase into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) led to heavy retrograde and anterograde labeling in the region of the hypothalamus that yielded the CRDR when stimulated electrically.
(10) These characteristics are consistent with the proposal that cytoplasmic dynein plays a universal role in retrograde organelle motility.
(11) Retrograde extrapolation is applicable in the forensic setting with scientific reliability when reasonable and justifiable assumptions are utilized.
(12) After injection of HRP-WGA into the contralateral hippocampus 2% of hilar NPY-i neurons were retrogradely labeled and symmetric NPY-i synapses were found on the cell bodies and dendrites of unstained HRP-WGA labeled neurons.
(13) Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and immunocytochemical visualization of glutamate (Glu) were combined to investigate the neurotransmitter used by cortico-cortical neurons in the first (SI) and second (SII) somatic sensory areas of macaque monkeys.
(14) In 40 subjects the propagation sequence of phasic contractions could be evaluated and were simultaneous in 53%, antegrade in 35%, and retrograde in 11% of the waves.
(15) 314 patients were managed conservatively and 524 required intervention therapy: 52 with blind endoscopic techniques, 93 with open surgery, 122 with retrograde ureteroscopy, 168 with percutaneous extraction and 92 with ESWL.
(16) None of the cases was diagnosed by retrograde pyelography for fractionally visualized excretory urography and 3 were within 9 months of a previously normal excretory urogram alone or with retrograde pyelography.
(17) We examined in rats the effectiveness of administering verapamil into ischemic tissue by retrograde perfusion through the cerebral vein, starting 3 hours after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.
(18) Fluorescent labels, injected into either the hindlimb muscles or the cerebellum, are retrogradely transported to motoneurones or dorsal spinocerebellar tract neurones respectively.
(19) Glutamate-immunoreactive neurons were present throughout the acoustic thalamus, including the regions containing the retrogradely labeled neurons.
(20) Injections of horseradish peroxidase into the telencephalon retrogradely labeled neurons ipsilaterally in various thalamic, preglomerular, and tuberal nuclei, the nucleus of the locus coeruleus (also contralaterally), the superior raphe, and portions of the nucleus lateralis valvulae.
Spin
Definition:
(v. t.) To draw out, and twist into threads, either by the hand or machinery; as, to spin wool, cotton, or flax; to spin goat's hair; to produce by drawing out and twisting a fibrous material.
(v. t.) To draw out tediously; to form by a slow process, or by degrees; to extend to a great length; -- with out; as, to spin out large volumes on a subject.
(v. t.) To protract; to spend by delays; as, to spin out the day in idleness.
(v. t.) To cause to turn round rapidly; to whirl; to twirl; as, to spin a top.
(v. t.) To form (a web, a cocoon, silk, or the like) from threads produced by the extrusion of a viscid, transparent liquid, which hardens on coming into contact with the air; -- said of the spider, the silkworm, etc.
(v. t.) To shape, as malleable sheet metal, into a hollow form, by bending or buckling it by pressing against it with a smooth hand tool or roller while the metal revolves, as in a lathe.
(v. i.) To practice spinning; to work at drawing and twisting threads; to make yarn or thread from fiber; as, the woman knows how to spin; a machine or jenny spins with great exactness.
(v. i.) To move round rapidly; to whirl; to revolve, as a top or a spindle, about its axis.
(v. i.) To stream or issue in a thread or a small current or jet; as, blood spinsfrom a vein.
(v. i.) To move swifty; as, to spin along the road in a carriage, on a bicycle, etc.
(n.) The act of spinning; as, the spin of a top; a spin a bicycle.
(n.) Velocity of rotation about some specified axis.
Example Sentences:
(1) Type 1 changes (decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted spin-echo images and increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images) were identified in 20 patients (4%) and type 2 (increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images and isointense or slightly increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images) in 77 patients (16%).
(2) Electron spin resonance studies indicate the formation of two vanadyl complexes that are 1:1 in vanadyl and deferoxamine, but have two or three bound hydroxamate groups.
(3) The relative rates of reduction of several spin-labeled molecules that partition differently across the hy-drophobic-interface of inner membranes from rat liver mitochondria were investigated.
(4) When reformist industrialist Robert Owen set about creating a new community among the workers in his New Lanark cotton-spinning mills at the turn of the nineteenth century, it was called socialism, not corporate social responsibility.
(5) An unusually high degree of motional freedom is found for both these spin-labels, even in gel phase bilayers.
(6) tert-Butyl hydroaminoxyl is detected as a degradation product of the hydroxyl adduct from all spin traps.
(7) After the first stage of analysis the spin systems of 60 of the 77 residues were assigned to the appropriate residue type, providing an ample basis for subsequent sequence-specific assignments.
(8) A method using selective saturation pulses and gated spin-echo MRI automatically corrects for this motion and thus eliminates misregistration artifact from regional function analysis.
(9) The Iranians have accused the Israelis and the US of designing and deploying Stuxnet, which set some of their centrifuges spinning out of control.
(10) Single vertical spin and electron microscopy analyses of these HDL subpopulations demonstrated that acid elution from the affinity columns caused no detectable change in size and density of the three subpopulation particles.
(11) The Soret MCD of the reduced protein is interpreted as th sum of two MCD curves: an intense, asymmetric MCD band very similar to that exhibited by deoxymyoglobin which we assign to paramagnetic high spin cytochrome a3(2+) and a weaker, more symmetric MCD contribution, which is attributed to diamagnetic low spin cytochrome a2+.
(12) For dipeptides containing the amino terminal residues glycine, alanine and phenylalanine, abstraction of the hydrogen from the carbon adjacent to the peptide nitrogen was the major process leading to the spin-adducts.
(13) A single spin density gradient ultracentrifugation method in a swinging bucket rotor has been applied for the detection and isolation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions.
(14) In addition to rapid motions, slow motions were detected by 1H spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (TH1 rho) and cross-polarization time (TCH), together with data from static spectra, indicating that the aliphatic portion of the detergent interacts more strongly with hydrophobic protein surfaces than do the polar heads.
(15) In addition, the spin lattice relaxation time of the cytoplasmic Cs resonance was approx.
(16) 220 MHz proton Fourier transform (FT) NMR with quadrature phase detection (QPD) technique is applied to observe largely hyperfine-shifted signals of various hemoproteins and hemoenzymes in ferric high-spin state.
(17) Under aerobic conditions, electron spin resonance spectroscopy showed evidence for the production of AZQ semiquinone (AZQH) and oxygen radicals.
(18) With these compounds, the spin density at the nitro group was greater than with nifurtimox, nitrofurazone and nitrofurantoin.
(19) Probing of the active site of microsomal cytochrome P-450 was carried out with a spin label derived from 2-methyl-1,2-bis(3-pyridyl)-1-propanone (metyrapone).
(20) The electronic structure of the low-spin ferric iron in cyanide complex appears to be modulated by halide binding to a protonated amino acid in the distal heme cavity.