What's the difference between roughen and toughen?
Roughen
Definition:
(v. t.) To make rough.
(v. i.) To grow or become rough.
Example Sentences:
(1) There may also be a direct removal of cell surface materials leading to the observed surface roughening of treated cells.
(2) In addition, the professional prophylaxis of restorations adjacent to the gingival margin must address the problems of the creation of a roughened surface by abrasion to composites from pastes and polishing.
(3) Glazed and roughened porcelain surfaces were evaluated.
(4) Whatever the cause(s), osteoarthritis results in deficient masking of the collagen fibers and in roughening of the cartilaginous surface.
(5) The experimental system allows the assessment of differences in light reflection caused by light scattering resulting from roughened enamel surfaces and by stains.
(6) Acid-etching of the roughened amalgam surface prior to application of Prisma Universal Bond decreased the bond strength by nearly 45%.
(7) The estimation of the depth of roughening in the area of the border of the filling was achieved with the help of the Förster profilograph.
(8) Perforation of the dorsal capsule of the distal radio-ulnar joint, allowing contact between the roughened ulnar head and extensor tendons, was present in every case.
(9) Particles are likely to cause surface roughening and increased wear rates in artificial joints.
(10) The region (designated DRE) includes four known loci: Roughened (R; 3-1.4), defined by a dominant mutation disrupting eye morphology; the nonvital locus Aprt, structural gene for adenine phosphoribosyltransferase; Dras3, a homolog of the vertebrate ras oncogene; and 1(3)ecdysoneless (1(3)ecd), a gene that has been implicated in the regulation of larval molting hormone (ecdysteroid) synthesis.
(11) The graft is slid under this bridge, placed onto the roughened surface of the carpus and pushed under the operculum raised at the base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals.
(12) The femoral prosthesis used was a roughened titanium alloy with a 50-microns surface treatment of hydroxylapatite applied to the proximal one third.
(13) Anterior and posterior to the anus were two slightly raised roughened patches consisting of several rows of small spines.
(14) Upward-pointing links were seen less frequently, and the surfaces of stereocilia and microvilli were smoother after fixation (3) compared with fixations (1) and (2) in which they were usually roughened in appearance.
(15) Scanning electron microscopy of spermatozoa from cimetidine-treated mice exhibited distinct departure from the normal morphology such as, (i) breaks at various places along distal portion of the tail, (ii) roughening, wrinkling and disorganization of plasma membrane of the head region, (iii) decapitation of the head and (iv) changes in shape of cytoplasmic droplet.
(16) Until then, dentists should continue to use the current methods of undercutting and roughening the metal surface in order to achieve additional retention.
(17) Slightly roughened surfaces were most common (86%).
(18) The investigation showed that the surface roughening of the metal wires used to reinforce acrylic resin denture base material increased the fracture resistance of the test specimens.
(19) Precoating and having a roughened surface proximally and distally on the stem contribute to extended longevity of the cement-metal interface.
(20) Damage to the femoral stems was characterized by stem fracture and roughening of the femoral head.
Toughen
Definition:
(v. i. & t.) To grow or make tough, or tougher.
Example Sentences:
(1) Stringer, a Vietnam war veteran who was knighted in 1999, is already inside the corporation, if only for a few months, after he was appointed as one of its non-executive directors to toughen up the BBC's governance following a string of scandals, from the Jimmy Savile abuse to multimillion-pound executive payoffs.
(2) May’s rhetoric against the Labour leader appeared to have toughened significantly, underlining the Conservatives’ determination to exploit what they regard as Corbyn’s weaknesses.
(3) It is possible that future materials will be developed on the lines of these polyelectrolyte cements in which higher molecular weight polymers are used in conjunction with polymers that contain photoinitiators to effect light curing and toughen the matrix.
(4) But the pending toughening of the rules merely angers lawyers acting for the detainees even more – why, they ask, did the Obama administration not act more quickly to effect transfers before the squeeze was imposed.
(5) Cameron is minded to demand a toughened up form of independent regulation, but to give the newspaper industry six months to put its house in order or face statutory controls.
(6) By doing risky things, we are toughening ourselves up for a dangerous world.
(7) The referral came at a time of growing public and political pressure on the police and prosecutors over their failure to bring a single prosecution for FGM in the UK since it was made illegal in 1985, legislation that subsequently toughened in 2003.
(8) He has also advised Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Utah and Virginia on how to toughen up their policies.
(9) The first CFC rules were finalised in 1984 but Dodwell says the big changes took place in 2000 when Gordon Brown toughened up the stance towards "overseas financing companies".
(10) We have to toughen up, but City are probably going to win the league this year.” City could have gone ahead in the first few minutes when Tim Krul could not quite hold a Kevin De Bruyne free-kick at the foot of a post.
(11) London housing: politicians must toughen up on planning "viability" Read more “And now the housing grant has effectively gone,” he adds, “viability has become a one-way negotiation.
(12) Obama administration officials had promised to toughen the lax environmental regulations of the George Bush era.
(13) He's got to toughen up – he's playing for Man United.
(14) Davey said the rules were "significant and welcome toughening up of competition in electricity markets".
(15) The attorney general, George Brandis, said the data retention laws would come in as the third tranche of changes, the first tranche being previously proposed toughening of intelligence agency powers and the second tranche being the measures announced on Tuesday.
(16) Congress passed pretty strong new auto emissions standards in 2007, and just last week the Obama administration moved to toughen them further.
(17) Unless they agree to toughen their code of practice, the government will consult on legislation requiring banks to give customers fair notice of any changes to products.
(18) The department must not only understand the danger of either a provider or a commissioner going 'belly up', but also toughen up its contingency plans, drawing upon strong, effective and clear chains of governance and accountability throughout the new NHS model."
(19) Systematic swimming exercises in child preschool establishments increase toughening of children, resistance to unfavourable factors, and also favourably influence anthropometric indices.
(20) At the time, I was like, 'Man I've got to toughen up, get a thicker skin,' whereas in fact, being sensitive and thin-skinned and all the things I still am, lends itself to a career as an actor.