(n.) A silver coin, and money of account, in the East Indies.
Example Sentences:
(1) On the upside, this year's monsoon will lead to bumper agricultural production, and the cheaper rupee also comes with a thick silver lining.
(2) Bond, rupee and share prices rose last week after exit polls predicted a strong BJP performance.
(3) Sitting on his stony porch, Rao asserts that he is not being romantic about the benefits of agriculture: “Here we earn more than 120,000 rupees [£1,170] a year, and our cost of living is one-fifth that of a city’s.
(4) Muchhal, a professional singer who has worked on major Bollywood hits, has raised more than 37m rupees (£400,000) to save the lives of more than 550 children with heart ailments.
(5) According to the Indian Tea Association, all workers in the main Brahmaputra valley estates receive a basic cash wage of 89 rupees (£1) a day – a little over half the minimum legal wage.
(6) Sometimes they come even though they know someone in the same area, just down the street, has been shot.” She attributes this to a “continuous engagement with the workers and constant direction with local government officials”, while others at the centre point out that even though the money the workers receive is only 500 rupees (about £3) a day, for impoverished inhabitants of Karachi, it is too good a wage to pass up – whatever the risk.
(7) It sells for 140 rupees a kilogram at auction in Assam, but according to a joint report by Oxfam and the Ethical Tea Partnership , workers there are paid at rates equivalent to just 40% of the average Indian wage.
(8) Porters, rickshaw drivers, nurses, patients, students, bureaucrats, doctors and itinerant holy men all stand to eat their heavily subsidised meals, priced at no more than 5 rupees (5p) and eaten at ferocious speed with fingers from tin plates.
(9) The government announced a 50m-rupee (£300,000) bounty on his head; the following year, the US priced him at $5m (£3.1m).
(10) The most recent figures released by the Reserve Bank of India show that about 12.6tn rupees have been deposited since the rupee recall was announced, far more than the Modi government had predicted, indicating that it may have underestimated the amount of untaxed wealth being hoarded by citizens.
(11) In the past, established banks have shown reluctance to expand their countryside operations when their current rural branches are already hit by high costs, poor connectivity and low savings in areas where the average per capita income is around 16,000 rupees, compared with 44,000 rupees in urban areas .
(12) The informality with which the boys are selling property worth millions of rupees makes the flats sound like cheap, dispensable goods.
(13) We have espoused unpopular causes, stood up for those too feeble to stand up for themselves, locked horns with the high and mighty so swollen with power that they have forgotten their roots, exposed corruption and the waste of your hard-earned tax rupees, and made sure that whatever the propaganda of the day, you were allowed to hear a contrary view.
(14) In the urban slums of Mandawali, eastern Delhi, her mother scratches out a living as a 'presswoman', earning up to three rupees for each item of clothing she neatly irons.
(15) The state government has already announced compensation packages of 200,000 rupees for the families of the women who died and 50,000 rupees for those hospitalised.
(16) Off the standard tourist trail is Purana Qila, Delhi’s oldest Mughal monument, where 100 rupees will buy you half-an-hour’s pedalo ride on a beautiful boating lake in the shadow of the citadel’s walls.
(17) According to the department of foreign employment, more than 200 agencies have been punished since mid-February, with suspensions and fines of up to 200,000 rupees (£1,250).
(18) The unsophisticated will imagine this works crudely, with Cameron pulling out his notepad and taking dictation from Uncle Rupe.
(19) None of the mothers will admit that they took money in exchange for their children, but activists working in the villages say that a price of between 1,000 rupees and 3,000 rupees is the norm.
(20) "My employer's wife used to taunt me by saying: 'I've bought you for 30,000 rupees, so do as I say,'" she says.
Tola
Definition:
(n.) A weight of British India. The standard tola is equal to 180 grains.
Example Sentences:
(1) Rather than head back towards the Saas Valley in the east via Grächen, we head west, taking a train to St Niklaus, a cable car to Jungu, then hike east to Gruben, to stay at the historic but simple Hotel Schwarzhorn, before ending our epic journey with a final night in luxury, at the charming hotel Bella Tola in St-Luc.
(2) This sequence predicts three open reading frames sequentially coding for proteins of 134, 230, and 142 amino acids, followed by the potential start of the tolA gene.
(3) However, antibody to the core protein of hepatitis C virus (anti-JCC) was detected 50% of the patients whose sera were negative for anti-C100 but positive for anti-tolA.
(4) Mutants of E. coli K-12 (tolA and tolB) which leak periplasmic proteins mimic excretion and release the haemolysin into the growth medium.
(5) The three genes tolA, tolB, and fii are shown to reside on a 4.3-kilobase fragment of the Escherichia coli chromosome.
(6) Together these data suggest that the tolA mutant is supersusceptible to aminoglycosides by virtue of an LPS change which increases the binding affinity of the LPS for polycations, including gentamicin.
(7) By selecting for revertants of the hypersensitivity phenotype, revertants to tol(+) were found, indicating that it is the tolA locus that is responsible for this specific hypersensitivity.
(8) Furthermore, only the isolated N-terminal domain of colicin A, which is involved in the translocation step, was found to bind to TolA.
(9) The product of tolA has been identified tentatively as a 51-kilodalton protein.
(10) Analysis of double mutants strains carrying mutation staA-2 and a tolA, tolB, excC or excD periplasmic-leaky mutation showed that staA suppression was allele specific which suggested that proteins TolA and StaA might directly interact.
(11) Nucleotide sequence determination and subsequent homology search revealed its identity to the tolA gene of Escherichia coli.
(12) Strains of Escherichia coli K12 carrying a tolA, tolB, lky or exc mutation located at min 16.5 on the genetic map released periplasmic proteins into the extracellular medium.
(13) Mutations in fii or tolA of the fii-tolA-tolB gene cluster at 17 min on the Escherichia coli map render cells tolerant to high concentrations of the E colicins and do not allow the DNA of infecting single-stranded filamentous bacteriophages to enter the bacterial cytoplasm.
(14) They first interact with receptors located at the surface of the outer membrane and are then transferred across the cell envelope in a process that requires energy and depends upon accessory proteins (TolA, TolB, TolC, TolQ, TolR) which might play a role similar to that of the secretory apparatus of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
(15) In contrast, anti-tolA was detected only of 14.6% patients with anti-C100 positive NANB chronic liver disease, 10.5% with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive chronic liver disease, 7.7% with alcoholic liver disease and 4.2% in normal control, and no positive case in acute hepatitis of etiology and in primary biliary cirrhosis.
(16) A genetic analysis presented in this paper showed that some exc and lky mutations belonged to the tolA and tolB complementation groups.
(17) Data from cloning, Tn5 mutagenesis, and P1 transduction studies are consistent with the gene order sucA-fii-tolA-tolB-aroG near 17 min on the E. coli map.
(18) Anti-tolA antibody was detected in 54.5% of the patients with NANB chronic liver disease whose sera were negative for antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-C100).
(19) This sequence predicts TolA to be a 421-amino-acid protein of molecular mass 44,190 daltons.
(20) tolA-876 staA strains partially recovered a wild-type phenotype: they exported alkaline phosphatase and beta-lactamase into the periplasm and only released very low amounts of periplasmic proteins; moreover, they were sensitive to E1 and A colicins and more resistant than tolA-876 staA+ strains to various growth inhibitors.