(1) The shapes of scapulae and basi-occipital bones from three genetically distinct achondroplastic mutants and one osteopetrotic mutant in the mouse (achondroplasia, brachymorphic, stumpy and grey lethal), and appropriate controls, have been compared using Fourier analysis and multivariate statistical techniques.
(2) Accordingly, we probed lysates of long-slenders, short-stumpies and procyclics (insect midgut stage) with antibody to myc proteins and also hybridized myc gene family sequences to procyclic DNA.
(3) Stumpy mutations also conferred a measure of detergent resistance to Chlamydomonas, apparently by affecting the detergent-solubility of the flagellar membrane.
(4) These events were followed by a transformation of the long slender bloodstream form to a short stumpy form via an intermediate morphology.
(5) The chondrodystrophic mouse mutant stumpy (stm) shortens proximal limb bones more than distal ones and acts late in development (circa 14 days post partum).
(6) When introduced into SDM-79 medium, the intermediate form is capable of further transformation to an "insect" procyclic trypomastigote whereas the long slender form and short stumpy form are not.
(7) The structures involved in ferritin uptake and digestion are larger and more active in the short stumpy than in the long slender bloodstream forms.
(8) Growth of femora and tibiae has been measured in mice carrying three distinct chondrodystrophic mutants (achondroplasia cn, brachymorphic bm and stumpy stm) aged 6--128 days, and in normal litter-mates.
(9) Proteins of 52,000, 46,000, 25-30,000, and 16,000 daltons were present both in stumpy forms and procyclics but not in slender-form trypanosomes.
(10) Stumpy bloodforms also have a decrease in tubulin transcript abundance, consistent with their nondividing character and smaller flagellum.
(11) These results are comparable to those observed during the differentiation of long slender to short stumpy forms in infected animals, suggesting that the differentiation process towards insect procyclic forms can be initiated in culture at 37 degrees C. As judged from immunofluorescence and electron microscopy analysis, the surface coat remains intact.
(12) The presence of posteronuclear, multinuclear and "stumpy" dividing forms was confirmed in our study.
(13) Upon differentiation of the long, slender bloodstream forms into short, stumpy forms the Z-Phe-Arg-NHMec-hydrolytic activity was elevated even further.
(14) The bloodstream forms of T. brucei, the long slender and short stumpy trypanosomes, have inactive mitochondria with no detectable cytochrome-mediated respiration.
(15) Exponentially growing T. b. brucei hydrolysed cholesteryl linoleate to cholesterol and had only a small capacity to reesterify cholesterol, whereas committed non-dividing stumpy form T. b. brucei had a large capacity to esterify cholesterol.
(16) Since the casein-kinase-like activity is higher in the slender than in the stumpy forms, the enhanced phosphorylation of pp42 and pp37 in the non-dividing parasites is probably a result of the enhanced synthesis of these acidic proteins.
(17) Treatment with difluoromethylornithine, which induces a stumpy morphology, produces transcript abundance patterns similar to those in naturally occurring stumpy bloodforms.
(18) All released trypomastigotes expressed trans-sialidase on their surfaces and in the flagellar pockets, but stumpy trypomastigotes were stained more intensely than slender trypomastigotes.
(19) Clinical evaluation, radiographic analysis of the vertebral column and histological studies of the digestive tract and central nervous tissue were conducted to determine the association of malformations of these systems in cats born with different degrees of taillessness noted in the rumpy and stumpy cats.
(20) The resulting, smaller epimastigotes attach to the cuticle in the pylorus, ileum and rectum, where they continue multiplying to give rise to mature, short, stumpy trypomastigotes (metacyclics) that are not attached.