(v. t.) A deep blue pigment or coloring material used in various arts. It is a vitreous substance made of cobalt, potash, and calcined quartz fused, and reduced to a powder.
Example Sentences:
Smolt
Definition:
(n.) A young salmon two or three years old, when it has acquired its silvery color.
Example Sentences:
(1) To examine the effect of long-term adaptation to ration and salinity, Atlantic salmon smolts were acclimated to three salinities (0, 10, and 30 ppt) and four ration levels (0, 0.2, 0.8, and 1.6% wet weight per day) for 6 weeks.
(2) The subnucleus was observed in salmon of different life-stages: in fingerlings, during smolt transformation, after smolt transformation (in seawater), and after spawning.
(3) The following stages were studied: 12-month-old freshwater presmolts, 17-month-old freshwater presmolts, 18-month-old saltwater smolts, 19-month-old saltwater postsmolt, 24-month-old postsmolt, and adult spawners.
(4) Serum cortisol concentrations were measured in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) undergoing the parr-smolt transformation in fresh water, at either 1 year (S1 population) or 2 years (S2 population) after hatching.
(5) To obtain more information on the role of prolactin and growth hormone during the parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon, a population of fish in fresh water was sampled from January to June during two consecutive years.
(6) Increased glycogen and lipid breakdown, and concomitant decreased glycogen and fatty acid synthesis would contribute to the lipid and glycogen depletion observed in salmonid species undergoing parr-smolt transformation.
(7) The status of circulating growth hormone and prolactin during the parr-smolt transformation and during seawater adaptation of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was investigated in relation to changes in plasma levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and cortisol, and in hypoosmoregulatory ability.
(8) When coho salmon smolts were acclimated to SW, MCR, SR, and plasma level of GH in SW-adapted (2-3 weeks) fish were twice as great as those in fish in FW.
(9) Atlantic salmon presmolts with initially low levels of gill Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity responded to cortisol in vitro, whereas smolts with initially high levels of gill Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity were unresponsive.
(10) To elucidate the ultrastructural modifications of the gill epithelium during smoltification, gills of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were examined by electron microscopy at three stages of this process, which were defined as follows: "parrs" were freshwater fish that had not yet started their transformation; "freshwater smolts" were freshwater fish that were ready to enter seawater; and "seawater smolts" were smolts that had been transferred from fresh water and maintained for 4 days in seawater (35%).
(11) These results implicate thyroid hormones in the expression of adult forms of hemoglobin during the parr to smolt transformation of juvenile salmon.
(12) Smolts exhibited decreases in plasma Na+ levels after 7 days and lower Na+, K+-ATPase activities 14 days after acid exposure.
(13) In animals treated before the parr-smolt transformation was completed (early smolts), thyroxine had no effect on plasma cortisol levels but significantly enhanced the sensitivity of the interrenal to ACTH in vitro.
(14) Guanine levels correlated well with changes in smolt indices, but reached maximum levels up to 1 month earlier than the development of seawater tolerance.
(15) By the smolt stage, the amount of magnetite present in the front of the skull is sufficient to provide the fish with a magnetoreceptor capable of detecting small changes in the intensity of the geomagnetic field.
(16) As the nuclear count per gram of liver is similar in estradiol-treated and untreated groups, estradiol-induced liver growth in the salmon post-smolts may be accounted for by an increase in cell number (hyperplasia) rather than an increase in cell size (hypertrophy).
(17) To examine the changes in secretion of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) with reference to their osmoregulatory roles, changes in pituitary mRNA levels and plasma concentrations of these hormones were examined during seawater adaptation in silvery juveniles (smolts) and precociously mature males (dark parr) of amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus).
(18) The salmon smolt has bilateral retinal projections to the diencephalon and pretectum.
(19) On December 17, the proportion of smolts was 52.8% in the control, whereas T and 11-KT administration inhibited smoltification under the artificially increased daylength.
(20) Smaller smolts showed stable plasma PRL levels after FW transfer, hypocalcemia 48 post-transfer, depressed plasma sodium concentrations, and lowered plasma osmotic pressure.