What's the difference between sparteine and toxic?
Sparteine
Definition:
(n.) A narcotic alkaloid extracted from the tops of the common broom (Cytisus scoparius, formerly Spartium scoparium), as a colorless oily liquid of aniline-like odor and very bitter taste.
Example Sentences:
(1) The effect of the potassium current blocker sparteine and its analogue tedisamil on ICl was tested.
(2) One subject who was a poor metabolizer of mephenytoin and sparteine had the lowest imipramine oral clearance of all 22 subjects studied.
(3) Carbamazepine-epoxidation was not correlated to 4-hydroxylation of debrisoquine, oxidation of sparteine, 3- and 4-hydroxylation and demethylation of antipyrine, demethylation of amitriptyline, or total metabolism of theophylline.
(4) Sparteine-N1-oxidation appears to be determined by two allelic genes at a single locus where nonmetabolisers are homozygous for an autosomal recessive gene.
(5) The effects of (+)-sparteine, a ganglionic blocking agent, on acetylcholine (ACh)-induced membrane currents and on fast excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were studied in the neurons of rat isolated superior cervical ganglion, with the whole-cell patch-clamp recording method and the two-electrode voltage-clamp method, respectively.
(6) The ratio of the molar concentration producing 50% reduction of Vmax to that reducing force of contraction by 50% ranged from 0.23 (sparteine) to 2.2 (disopyramide) showing that some of the drugs were more potent Na channel blockers than negative inotropic agents, while the reverse was true for others.
(7) In order to determine whether the metabolism of the antiarrhythmic drug N-propylajmaline is under the same genetic control as sparteine metabolism, the pharmacokinetics of this antiarrhythmic drug were studied in a groups of six extensive and four poor metabolizers of sparteine.
(8) We report on studies of the oxidative routes associated with the polymorphic metabolism of debrisoquine, sparteine and mephenytoin, as well as on the pathway catalyzed by N-acetyl-transferase.
(9) More marked inhibition of metabolism was observed with sparteine, and the formation of dehydrosparteine was abolished.
(10) It is concluded that sparteine sulphate enhances beta-cell secretion, causing a fall in the plasma glucose concentration.
(11) Nifedipine (NF), sparteine (SP), mephenytoin (MP) and antipyrine (AP) were administered simultaneously ("cocktail" design) to 15 healthy subjects, including 4 poor metabolizers (PM) of SP and 4 PMs of MP, on three different occasions: without pretreatment, after pentobarbital (PB) pretreatment and together with cimetidine (cim).
(12) These results suggest that decreased capacity of sparteine oxidation may be one of the susceptible factors to acquire Parkinsonism in human.
(13) One PM of metoprolol oxidation was also identified as a PM not only of debrisoquine but also of sparteine, and no misclassification by the three phenotypic methods was observed.
(14) (+)-Sparteine (2 microM) reduced the ACh-induced current caused by activation of nicotinic ACh receptors (AChRs) in a voltage-independent manner at membrane potentials of -50 mV to +30 mV, whereas its blocking effect increased at more negative membrane potentials.
(15) In this case, however, they may interfere with the in vivo phenotyping procedure by inhibiting the formation of metabolites of test drugs such as debrisoquine, sparteine, metoprolol or dextrometorphan.
(16) During quinidine treatment, the formation of sparteine metabolites (2- and 5-dehydrosparteine) was practically abolished.
(17) The metabolism of sparteine is predominantly under genetic control as treatment with drugs such as antipyrine and rifampicin known to induce oxidative drug metabolism elicited only marginal changes in sparteine metabolism.
(18) This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine.
(19) The impact of the genetic hydroxylation deficiency described for several drugs such as sparteine, debrisoquine, and phenformin, has been studied with respect to benzo(a)pyrene (BP) metabolite formation.
(20) Sparteine and tolbutamide had no effect on biguanide metabolism.
Toxic
Definition:
(a.) Alt. of Toxical
Example Sentences:
(1) This suggested that the chemical effects produced by shock waves were either absent or attenuated in the cells, or were inherently less toxic than those of ionizing irradiation.
(2) Theophylline kinetics, as an in vivo probe for the potentially toxic cytochrome P-450I pathway of drug metabolism, were studied in 11 healthy volunteers and 11 patients with calcific chronic pancreatitis at Madras, South India.
(3) Treatment termination due to lack of efficacy or combined insufficient therapeutic response and toxicity proved to be influenced by the initial disease activity and by the rank order of prescription.
(4) Although Jeggo's Chinese hamster ovary cells were more responsive to mAMSA, novo still abrogated mAMSA toxicity in the mutant cells as well as in the parental Chinese hamster ovary cells 2,4-Dinitrophenol acted similarly to novo with respect to mAMSA killing, but neither compound reduced the ATP content of V79 cells.
(5) The pancreatic changes are unlikely to be an artefact, but rather a direct toxic effect of the alcohol as confirmed by the biochemical changes.
(6) Results suggest that Cd-MT is reabsorbed and broken down by kidney tubule cells in a physiological manner with possible subsequent release of the toxic cadmium ion.
(7) Previous studies have not evaluated the potential for oxygen toxicity at 9.5 psia.
(8) They more precisely delineate the hazard identification process and the factors important in supporting risk decisions for developmental toxicants than does any other document.
(9) Accidentally discovered nearly 40 years ago as the first true antidepressants, the MAOIs soon fell into disfavor due to concerns about toxicity and seemingly lesser efficacy compared with the newer tricyclic compounds.
(10) The results confirm studies performed in our laboratory on cytotoxicity and on functional membrane proteins of fungal and mammalian cells [1,2], suggesting a common mechanism of toxicity by the action of hydrophobic xenobiotics on biomembranes.
(11) testosterone, fentanyl, nicotine) may ultimately be administered in this way, important questions pertaining to pharmacology (tolerance), toxicity (irritation, sensitisation) and dose sufficiency (penetration enhancement) remain.
(12) None of the compounds proved active against the replication of retroviruses (human immunodeficiency virus, murine sarcoma virus) at concentrations that were not toxic to the host cells.
(13) It was shown that the antibiotic had low acute toxicity, did not cumulate and had no skin-irritating effect.
(14) Diminished CMD was most common with AR (7 of 12) but was also seen with acute tubular necrosis (2 of 6) and cyclosporin toxicity (2 of 3).
(15) Histopathological studies confirmed that mice fed 933cu-rev died from bilateral renal cortical tubular necrosis consistent with toxic insult, perhaps due to Shiga-like toxins.
(16) Research must continue to determine the optimal regimen that suppresses testosterone activity with the least amount of toxicity.
(17) In South Africa, health risks associated with exposure to toxic waste sites need to be viewed in the context of current community health concerns, competing causes of disease and ill-health, and the relative lack of knowledge about environmental contamination and associated health effects.
(18) Analysis of 156 records relating to patients at the age of 15 to 85 years with extended purulent peritonitis of the surgical and gynecological genesis (the toxic phase, VI category ASA) showed that combination of programmed sanitation laparotomy and intensive antibacterial therapy performed as short-term courses before, during and after the operation with an account of the information on the nature of the microbial associations and antibioticograms was an efficient procedure in treatment of severe peritonitis.
(19) Treatment was monitored by simple measurements, and it's toxicity proved to be scanty.
(20) And adding to this toxic mix, was the fear that the hung parliament would lead to a weak government.