(v. t.) A goad; hence, something that rouses the mind or spirits; an incentive; as, the hope of gain is a powerful stimulus to labor and action.
(v. t.) That which excites or produces a temporary increase of vital action, either in the whole organism or in any of its parts; especially (Physiol.), any substance or agent capable of evoking the activity of a nerve or irritable muscle, or capable of producing an impression upon a sensory organ or more particularly upon its specific end organ.
Example Sentences:
(1) In the absence of atrial dilatation there was minimal stimulus for ANF secretion.
(2) At the same time the duodenum can be isolated from the stomach and maintained under constant stimulus by a continual infusion at regulated pressure, volume and temperature into the distal cannula.
(3) With glucose and protein as intraduodenal stimulus (no pancreatin added), the plasma amino acids rose significantly less (by approximately 50% of the control experiment) and the increment in insulin (but not C-peptide) concentrations was significantly reduced by loxiglumide.
(4) Since intracellular Ca2+ seems to play a role in stimulus-secretion coupling and ion movements, several aspects of Ca2+ homeostasis have been investigated in CF.
(5) Three coyotes were operantly conditioned to depress one of two foot treadles, left or right, depending on the condition of the stimulus light.
(6) Clinical measurements of the loudness discomfort level (LDL) are generally performed while the subject listens to a particular stimulus presented from an audiometer through headphones (AUD-HP).
(7) NE differentially affected responses to stimulus movement in the preferred and non-preferred direction in one-third of these neurons, such that directional selectivity was increased.
(8) II, the visual and auditory stimuli were exposed conversely over the habituation- (either stimulus) and the test-periods (both stimuli).
(9) The marine vibrio alone is a powerful stimulus to mucus secretion but lethal for the host.
(10) Taken together with our previous studies showing that MDMA substitutes for the phenylisopropylamine stimulant (+)amphetamine, but that neither MDE nor N-OH MDA substitute for (+)amphetamine or for the phenylisopropylamine hallucinogen 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM), the present results [i.e., MDMA-stimulus generalization to MDE, N-OH MDA, but not to (+)amphetamine] suggest that 1) MDMA produces effects other than those that may be considered amphetamine-like, and 2) MDE and N-OH MDA are MDMA-like agents with even less of an amphetamine-like component of action than MDMA itself.
(11) Changes in pain tolerance after administration of differently labelled placebos were studied by measuring the reaction time after a cold stimulus.
(12) 27% of the neurons revealed high sensitivity to the temperature stimulus with coefficient Q10 from 2.4 to 30; 6% of the neurons reacted by the on-response type; 5% of the neurons changed their activity and preserved the new level.
(13) Isolated outer hair cells from the organ of Corti of the guinea pig have been shown to change length in response to a mechanical stimulus in the form of a tone burst at a fixed frequency of 200 Hz (Canlon et al., 1988).
(14) Adhesion and O2- production were also found to be differentially affected by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium, the sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide and the A2 agonist adenosine, indicating that these neutrophil responses have various transductional pathways that also depend on the type of stimulus.
(15) The following results were obtained: 1) In normal subjects, the changes in ABR waveforms according to the changes of the rise-time, interstimulus interval and frequency of the stimulus were mainly attributed to component wave C. 2) In patients with central disorders, component wave C were initially affected.
(16) Following each stimulus, the subject had to press a button for RT and then report the digit perceived.
(17) Subjects with high ocular-dominance scores (right- or left-dominant subjects) showed for the green stimulus asymmetric behavior, while subjects with low ocular-dominance scores showed a tendency toward symmetry in perception.
(18) Prior to each long-term intake test, rats received a 1 min, 1 ml intraoral infusion of the same chemical stimulus.
(19) In positive patterning, elemental stimuli, A and B, were presented without an unconditioned stimulus while their compound, AB, was paired with electric shock.
(20) In a recent study, Orr and Lanzetta (1984) showed that the excitatory properties of fear facial expressions previously described (Lanzetta & Orr, 1981; Orr & Lanzetta, 1980) do not depend on associative mechanisms; even in the absence of reinforcement, fear faces intensify the emotional reaction to a previously conditioned stimulus and disrupt extinction of an acquired fear response.
Transduction
Definition:
(n.) The act of conveying over.
Example Sentences:
(1) Preservation of dopaminergic and H1 neurotransmission, probably within the blood barrier, is needed to allow the neuroendocrine transduction of cholinergic inputs, whereas the role of 5-HT neurotransmission remains uncertain.
(2) Adhesion and O2- production were also found to be differentially affected by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium, the sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide and the A2 agonist adenosine, indicating that these neutrophil responses have various transductional pathways that also depend on the type of stimulus.
(3) Additionally, the amount of mRNAs for preproenkephalin as well as for the cellular proto-oncogenes c-myc, c-fos and c-H-ras, which are thought to be mediators of intracellular signal transduction, was determined in hippocampus in these same animals.
(4) Our results suggest that multiple receptors and signal transduction pathways are involved in the regulation of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in the rat adrenal medulla.
(5) This report examines the timing of changes in the contractile potential of the cortical cytoplasm as the oocyte becomes the egg, and in addition, the signal transduction events which induce these changes.
(6) A possible role of the olfactory tubercle in olfactory transduction will also be discussed.
(7) Meta II is the form of photolyzed rhodopsin which binds and activates the visual G-protein (Gt); thus, its relative abundance at equilibrium and temporal stability are important parameters in determining the efficiency of visual signal transduction.
(8) Some of these transductants segregated certain F14 genes, indicating they were carried on self-replicating genetic elements, but others were not cured of F14 markers, even by acridine orange.
(9) This domain is shared by a number of signal transduction proteins including nonreceptor tyrosine kinases such as Abl, Fps, Src, and Src family members, the transforming protein Crk, phospholipase C-gamma 1, PI-3 (phosphatidylinositol) kinase, and guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein (GAP).
(10) In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that endotoxin- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages are a principle source of TNF; however, membrane signal transduction and intracellular pathways by which LPS triggers TNF production in macrophages are unclear.
(11) glycoproteins called leukocyte common Ag (CD45), which are involved in phosphotyrosine signal transduction.
(12) These 2 proteins provide a unique model for studying the specificity of signal transduction and gene expression in dopaminoceptive neurons.
(13) The response to both IL-3 and GM-CSF was not additive in the presence of an optimal concentration of one cytokine and titrating concentrations of the other indicating that they may use common receptors and signal transduction mechanisms.
(14) The changes in both mobility and amino-terminal phosphorylation can be reproduced by known activators of protein kinase C (4 alpha-phorbol 12 beta-myristate, dioctanoylglycerol), suggesting that this signal transduction pathway (or related pathways) mediates at least part of these events.
(15) Thus, the gamma 5 and gamma 7 subunits are the first G protein gamma subunits known that could participate in the regulation of widely distributed signal transduction pathways.
(16) It is proposed that the left-right axis in Xenopus, as reflected in cardiac looping, is established early in development, and that proteoglycan synthesis is involved in the transduction of left-right axial information to the cardiac primordia during migration.
(17) In this case, resistance markers were lost when the transductants became Lac- but the derivatives remained copper resistant.
(18) The cyclic adenosine nucleotide pathway is turned off by kinase A activity, whereas the inositol trisphosphate cascade is terminated by kinase C. The data support the concept that desensitization of odorant responses involves phosphorylation of key elements in the transduction cascade.
(19) Interleukin 1 (IL-1) mediates many cellular functions, but the signal transduction mechanisms of its actions are not clearly understood.
(20) This stimulatory effect of kE on the binding of iE to HSF could be inhibited by neomycin, retinal and pertussis toxin, substances which act at different levels of the transduction mechanism following the activation of the receptor and the subsequent triggering of cell biological events (chemotaxis, modification of calcium fluxes).