(n.) The bed, or stratum, of earth which lies immediately beneath the surface soil.
(v. t.) To turn up the subsoil of.
Example Sentences:
(1) While undoubtedly a good understanding of soil microbiology in terms of pedology exists, little is presently known about unsaturated subsoils, and aquifers.
(2) The burrows of R. opimus were the main shelters and breeding places of the sandflies, but infection was not transmitted equally in all burrows.It was known that the distribution of sandflies within the burrows was influenced by the humidity in the different parts of the burrow and a survey showed that the highest rate of infection of gerbils occurred in the burrows in those areas with the highest subsoil moisture content.Studies of the prevalence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis among people in the settlements of the Murghab oasis showed that the years with the highest infection rate were also years with slightly higher rainfall and lower air temperatures in this area.
(3) For the population living on the ground floor of a house with a crystalline subsoil, the gamma radiation and the indoor air 222Rn lead to estimated mean exposures of 1.16 mSv and 9.44 mSv effective dose equivalent per year, respectively.
(4) A mean tap water 222Rn content of 38.3 Bq L-1 and 10.4 Bq L-1 was measured in 31 villages with a crystalline subsoil and 73 villages with a sedimentary subsoil, respectively.
(5) The external gamma radiation and the indoor air Rn (222Rn) concentration were measured in 55 houses of the South East Grisons, the Urseren valley, and the Upper Rhine valley (crystalline subsoils) and in 39 houses of the Molasse basin and the Helvetic nappes (sedimentary subsoils).
(6) The radon-222 emanation from 70 samples of Danish soils, subsoils, and sedimentary rocks has been measured.
(7) The cellar 222Rn gas concentration is about six times higher in houses with a crystalline subsoil (1232 Bq m-3) than in houses with a sedimentary subsoil (201 Bq m-3).
(8) In homes located on a crystalline subsoil, a mean cellar gamma level of 1.40 mGy y-1 was measured, which is twice the mean gamma level of 0.70 mGy y-1 found in homes built on a sedimentary subsoil.
(9) In houses with a sedimentary subsoil, these mean exposures lead to 0.68 mSv y-1 and 3.22 mSv y-1, respectively.
(10) Control sweet clover was harvested from gravelly subsoil and processed and fed to another group of guinea pigs for the same period.
(11) Reliable identification of trace amounts of pesticides (e.g., 28 ppt of atrazine) in subsoil, surface and drinking water is clearly demonstrated by AMD-HPTLC using a polarity gradient based on dichloromethane.
(12) Environmental parameters such as temperature and wind, occupant activities, and house-specific parameters such as subsoil geology, leakiness of the substructure to soil gas, and air exchange rate are the main factors influencing Rn entry into a building and its subsequent indoor behavior.
(13) Samples of fly ash, gravelly subsoil, sweet clover, liver, kidneys, and left-rear gastrocnemius muscle of all guinea pigs were freeze-dried and analyzed for 35 elements by neutron activation analysis.
(14) Houses located on a granite, ortho-gneiss or verrucano subsoil have a cellar 222Rn level that is on the average 4.4 times higher than houses which are built on grey-schist or sediments.
(15) No residues were found below a cracked light clay on a sandy subsoil.
(16) In many parts of the world, the land is also sinking – in Venice’s case, subsoil compaction (a result of industrial exploitation of the surrounding area) lowered the city by 20cm between 1950 and 1970.
(17) These metastable precipitates, both organic and inorganic, are readily remobilized on further acidification, and can release aluminium into streams if the solutions are not neutralized in the subsoil.
(18) Radon-222 degasing from the tap water into the indoor air leads to an additional exposure of about 0.11 mSv y-1 and 0.03 mSv y-1 in homes with a crystalline subsoil and homes with a sedimentary subsoil, respectively.
(19) Since the sixties we have given attention to the problems in the use of pesticides, with regard to organochlorine, we have been investigating either environmental pollution (surface and subsoil water, food, etc.)
(20) When it rains or the land floods, the water trickles through the gravel and sand and slowly charges the subsoil.
Topsoil
Definition:
(n.) The upper layer of soil; surface soil.
Example Sentences:
(1) Unwin directed As You Like It, which closes this weekend: he will then give away a tonne of topsoil from the set to a local school, resisting the temptation to set up in the neighbouring market place and sell it.
(2) For sometime, the use of machinery and chemical fertilizers has masked the loss of topsoil, but under recent increases in population pressures, soil conservation measures are gaining in importance.
(3) The vacant town, located within the Prohibited Zone created after the Fukushima nuclear leak in 2011 (which continues to spill toxic effluent into the Pacific Ocean), was asked to host a radioactive materials storage facility, for the bags of radioactive topsoil and debris that have been sitting in fields around the area for years.
(4) There were strong positive relationships between the number of larvae and pupae and total organic matter, indicating highest concentrations of immatures in nutrient-rich topsoil with an abundant supply of larval food.
(5) Tin mining typically requires land to be bulldozed, then hosed down and dug up, meaning that the fertile topsoil so essential for agriculture and plantations is lost, and acidic soil brought to the surface instead.
(6) Elevated PbB at each specific age was associated mainly with increased lead concentrations in the topsoil of the local residential area, employment of the father in the lead industry, parental smoking, and behaviors likely to cause ingestion of dirt.
(7) Officials promised to foot the bill for the removal of topsoil from outdoor play areas in the region where levels exceed the limit.
(8) On January 1, 1989 approximately 60% of the Chernobyl caesium was still in the top 0-2 cm of the topsoil.
(9) Down below at the bottom of the mine, workers are busy running gigantic machines to remove the topsoil and dig deep into a layer of brown coal, or lignite.
(10) Towns outside the evacuation zone have sprayed streets with water and removed topsoil from school playgrounds in an attempt to make their communities safe.
(11) They're greened over now, but the scars of its industrial past are everywhere - great chunks missing from the hillsides and places where the coal dust glitters through the topsoil still.
(12) Of 1,200 sq km of known mined areas, 800 sq km have been affected by flooding and topsoil movement, a diplomatic source told the Guardian.
(13) They reduce the wind that blows away topsoil, and they provide shade to livestock, who drop manure and urine.
(14) Less than 1% of bacterial colonies isolated from garden topsoil and greater than 80% of bacteria isolated from PCB-contaminated soils showed DNA homologies with 32P-labeled DNA probes.
(15) The influence of local variations in topography and microclimate on the observed radiocaesium levels in topsoils, lichens and vascular plants was studied in detail.
(16) It is only slightly volatile, is highly soluble in water, and is moderately persistent in topsoil, where it is strongly absorbed to organic carbon.
(17) Ignoring official assurances that the exposure limit and current radiation readings in the area posed no threat to children's health, parents and teachers in Otama and five other communities in Fukushima prefecture started removing and burying topsoil from school playgrounds.
(18) As people build on these hillsides they erode the topsoil, and the rain washes the sand and rubbish from the settlements into the nature reserve on the other side of the border.
(19) Experts say that while health risks can be lowered by measures including the removal of layers of topsoil, vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and children should avoid even minimal exposure.
(20) The steps produced immediate results: radiation readings in topsoil outside Ando's school dropped from 1.32 microsieverts to 0.25 microsieverts an hour, compared with a pre-disaster reading of 0.04 microsieverts.