(n.) One who, or that which, is substituted or put in the place of another; one who acts for another; that which stands in lieu of something else
(n.) a person who enlists for military service in the place of a conscript or drafted man.
(n.) To put in the place of another person or thing; to exchange.
Example Sentences:
(1) The process of sequence rearrangement appears to be a significant part of the evolution of the genome and may have a much greater effect on the evolution of the phenotype than sequence alteration by base substitution.
(2) In the clinical trials in which there was complete substitution of fat-modified ruminant foods for conventional ruminant products the fall in serum cholesterol was approximately 10%.
(3) To clarify the functional roles of His40, Glu58, and His92, we analyzed the consequences of several amino acid substitutions (His40Ala, His40Lys, His40Asp, Glu58Ala, Glu58Gln, and His92Gln) on the kinetics of GpC transesterification.
(4) It is concluded the decrease in cellular volume associated with substitution of serosal gluconate for Cl results in a loss of highly specific Ba2+-sensitive K+ conductance channels from the basolateral plasma membrane.
(5) The resonance Raman spectra of oxy and deoxy cobalt-substituted hemoglobin (CoHb) are reported.
(6) The most important conclusion of both conferences was that oestrogen substitution can significantly reduce the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal women.
(7) S-methyl-l-cysteine, 2-hydroxy-4-methiol butyric acid, S-adenosyl-l-methionine, and methionine peptides were the only compounds supporting growth, when substituted for methionine.
(8) This implies that the epitope(s) of NNA-PLA2 might comprise some substituted residues in the sequence of PLA2 homologues.
(9) The deletions and substitutions appear to occur in separate molecules.
(10) Combination of domain substitutions to generate the [Glu107,123]bFGF and [Arg19,Lys123,126]bFGF mutants did not show any additivity of the mutations on biological activity.
(11) N-Methoxysulphonamides showed no inhibitory activity, as predicted by the classic work of Krebs on N-substituted inhibitors.
(12) Substitution of NaCl in the extracellular medium by sucrose, LiCl, or Na2SO4 had no effect on glutamate stimulation of [3H]dopamine release; however, release was inhibited when NaCl was replaced by choline chloride or N-methyl-D-glucamine HCl.
(13) In contrast, strains carrying the substitutions Ile-30----Phe, Gly-33----Leu, Gly-58----Leu, and Lys-34----Val and the Lys-34----Val, Glu-37----Gln double substitution were found to possess a coupled phenotype similar to that of the wild type.
(14) Substitutes: Andoni Zubizarreta (Spain), Lajos Detari (Hungary), Dragan Stojkovic (Yugoslavia), Igor Belanov (USSR), Preben Elkjær Larsen (Denmark), Lars Larsson (Sweden), Alexandre Zavarov (USSR).
(15) Lipoprotein concentrations reverted to normal after substitution with thyroxine (T4) until the euthyroid state was reached.
(16) Taken together with our previous studies showing that MDMA substitutes for the phenylisopropylamine stimulant (+)amphetamine, but that neither MDE nor N-OH MDA substitute for (+)amphetamine or for the phenylisopropylamine hallucinogen 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM), the present results [i.e., MDMA-stimulus generalization to MDE, N-OH MDA, but not to (+)amphetamine] suggest that 1) MDMA produces effects other than those that may be considered amphetamine-like, and 2) MDE and N-OH MDA are MDMA-like agents with even less of an amphetamine-like component of action than MDMA itself.
(17) TK1 showed the most restricted substrate specificity but tolerated 3'-modifications of the sugar ring and some 5-substitutions of the pyrimidine ring.
(18) Substitution of DnaK protein with that of the mutant DnaK756 protein blocks lambda P release.
(19) To selectively stain polyanionic macromolecules of growth plate cartilage and to prevent artifacts induced by aqueous fixation, proximal tibial growth plates were excised from rats, slam-frozen, and freeze-substituted in 100% methanol containing the cationic dye Alcian blue.
(20) Plasma drug concentrations, subjective self-ratings, and the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) were evaluated during 24 hours after dosage.
Supplement
Definition:
(v. t.) That which supplies a deficiency, or meets a want; a store; a supply.
(v. t.) That which fills up, completes, or makes an addition to, something already organized, arranged, or set apart; specifically, a part added to, or issued as a continuation of, a book or paper, to make good its deficiencies or correct its errors.
(v. t.) The number of degrees which, if added to a specified arc, make it 180¡; the quantity by which an arc or an angle falls short of 180 degrees, or an arc falls short of a semicircle.
(v. t.) To fill up or supply by addition; to add something to.
Example Sentences:
(1) Patient or fetal cord serum is commonly used as a protein supplement to culture media used in in-vitro fertilization (IVF).
(2) A survey carried out two and three years after the launch of the official campaign also showed a reduction in the prevalence of rickets in children taking low dose supplements equivalent to about 2.5 micrograms (100 IU) vitamin D daily.
(3) However, the presence of these two molecules was restored if testosterone was supplemented immediately after orchiectomy.
(4) In the 153 women to whom iron supplements were given during pregnancy, the initial fall in haemoglobin concentration was less, was arrested by 28 weeks gestation and then rose to a level equivalent to the booking level.
(5) A dietary supplementation is effective in preventing formation of DUs caused by cysteamine-HCl administration to rats.
(6) The enzyme activity can be raised to a plateau by Se supplements, but there is no evidence that supplementation leads to better health.
(7) Heparin prolonged by 15 s and 45 s the time required to demonstrate Factor V activation in CAP supplemented with Factor Xa and thrombin respectively.
(8) The findings reported here suggest that if women nurse exclusively for the 1st half year, maintaining night nursing after introducing supplements is important.
(9) During anaesthesia with 60-70 per cent N2O in O2 and 0.2 per cent isoflurane, a maintenance dose (MD) of fentanyl was administered using a continuous variable-rate IV fentanyl infusion, supplemented by intermittent 50 micrograms IV boluses.
(10) Supplemental heterologous bone was used in the first series of 51 cases, autologous bone in the second series of 67 cases, and no supplemental bone in the third series of 68 cases.
(11) Many patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) receiving supplemental oxygen state that this treatment makes them less short of breath at rest.
(12) The onset of vitamin A deficiency had no effect on oviduct growth in these chicks; even though vitamin A-deficient chicks showed a severe decline in growth rate while controls (fed the same diet supplemented with retinyl palmitate) continued to grow, estrogen stimulated resulted in similar oviduct size.
(13) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and its concentration were measured in thyroid tissues obtained from patients with Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, differentiated thyroid cancer, and endemic goiter (before and after iodine supplementation) as well as in normal thyroid tissue (paranodular tissue) from patients with follicular adenomas.
(14) The cardiorespiratory effects of trichloroethylene supplementation of nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, with simultaneous use of halothane at induction as needed, were studied in outpatient oral surgery patients undergoing dental extractions under general anesthesia.
(15) To find out non-specific time related changes, vitamin supplemented and unsupplemented control groups of non-OC users were also examined.
(16) Potassium supplementation lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients ingesting normal amounts of sodium.
(17) All reported studies have documented small 5 to 10 mm Hg decrements of blood pressure with dietary supplementation with these fatty acids and conversion of the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids toward unity.
(18) After 40 days of adaptation to serum-free medium, these cells displayed growth, morphology, and expression of CD4 similar to serum-supplemented cultures.
(19) A low-protein, low-phosphorus diet supplemented with essential amino acids and keto analogues was given to 12 rats, starting from the 90th day after subtotal nephrectomy.
(20) Two of them are vitamin K2-less (strains 30 and 73) and are supplemented by menadion natrium bisulfit at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 10 mug per ml.