(n.) One who, or that which, is substituted or put in the place of another; one who acts for another; that which stands in lieu of something else
(n.) a person who enlists for military service in the place of a conscript or drafted man.
(n.) To put in the place of another person or thing; to exchange.
Example Sentences:
(1) The process of sequence rearrangement appears to be a significant part of the evolution of the genome and may have a much greater effect on the evolution of the phenotype than sequence alteration by base substitution.
(2) In the clinical trials in which there was complete substitution of fat-modified ruminant foods for conventional ruminant products the fall in serum cholesterol was approximately 10%.
(3) To clarify the functional roles of His40, Glu58, and His92, we analyzed the consequences of several amino acid substitutions (His40Ala, His40Lys, His40Asp, Glu58Ala, Glu58Gln, and His92Gln) on the kinetics of GpC transesterification.
(4) It is concluded the decrease in cellular volume associated with substitution of serosal gluconate for Cl results in a loss of highly specific Ba2+-sensitive K+ conductance channels from the basolateral plasma membrane.
(5) The resonance Raman spectra of oxy and deoxy cobalt-substituted hemoglobin (CoHb) are reported.
(6) The most important conclusion of both conferences was that oestrogen substitution can significantly reduce the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal women.
(7) S-methyl-l-cysteine, 2-hydroxy-4-methiol butyric acid, S-adenosyl-l-methionine, and methionine peptides were the only compounds supporting growth, when substituted for methionine.
(8) This implies that the epitope(s) of NNA-PLA2 might comprise some substituted residues in the sequence of PLA2 homologues.
(9) The deletions and substitutions appear to occur in separate molecules.
(10) Combination of domain substitutions to generate the [Glu107,123]bFGF and [Arg19,Lys123,126]bFGF mutants did not show any additivity of the mutations on biological activity.
(11) N-Methoxysulphonamides showed no inhibitory activity, as predicted by the classic work of Krebs on N-substituted inhibitors.
(12) Substitution of NaCl in the extracellular medium by sucrose, LiCl, or Na2SO4 had no effect on glutamate stimulation of [3H]dopamine release; however, release was inhibited when NaCl was replaced by choline chloride or N-methyl-D-glucamine HCl.
(13) In contrast, strains carrying the substitutions Ile-30----Phe, Gly-33----Leu, Gly-58----Leu, and Lys-34----Val and the Lys-34----Val, Glu-37----Gln double substitution were found to possess a coupled phenotype similar to that of the wild type.
(14) Substitutes: Andoni Zubizarreta (Spain), Lajos Detari (Hungary), Dragan Stojkovic (Yugoslavia), Igor Belanov (USSR), Preben Elkjær Larsen (Denmark), Lars Larsson (Sweden), Alexandre Zavarov (USSR).
(15) Lipoprotein concentrations reverted to normal after substitution with thyroxine (T4) until the euthyroid state was reached.
(16) Taken together with our previous studies showing that MDMA substitutes for the phenylisopropylamine stimulant (+)amphetamine, but that neither MDE nor N-OH MDA substitute for (+)amphetamine or for the phenylisopropylamine hallucinogen 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM), the present results [i.e., MDMA-stimulus generalization to MDE, N-OH MDA, but not to (+)amphetamine] suggest that 1) MDMA produces effects other than those that may be considered amphetamine-like, and 2) MDE and N-OH MDA are MDMA-like agents with even less of an amphetamine-like component of action than MDMA itself.
(17) TK1 showed the most restricted substrate specificity but tolerated 3'-modifications of the sugar ring and some 5-substitutions of the pyrimidine ring.
(18) Substitution of DnaK protein with that of the mutant DnaK756 protein blocks lambda P release.
(19) To selectively stain polyanionic macromolecules of growth plate cartilage and to prevent artifacts induced by aqueous fixation, proximal tibial growth plates were excised from rats, slam-frozen, and freeze-substituted in 100% methanol containing the cationic dye Alcian blue.
(20) Plasma drug concentrations, subjective self-ratings, and the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) were evaluated during 24 hours after dosage.
Surrogate
Definition:
(n.) A deputy; a delegate; a substitute.
(n.) The deputy of an ecclesiastical judge, most commonly of a bishop or his chancellor, especially a deputy who grants marriage licenses.
(n.) In some States of the United States, an officer who presides over the probate of wills and testaments and yield the settlement of estates.
(v. t.) To put in the place of another; to substitute.
Example Sentences:
(1) The results suggest that RPE cannot be used reliably as a surrogate for direct pulse measurement in exercise training of persons with acute dysvascular amputations.
(2) In each of the clinics I visit I ask how much the surrogates are paid.
(3) Now 7, Jackson said the boy, nicknamed Blanket as a baby, was his biological child born from a surrogate mother.
(4) Since AIDS-specific laboratory tests are not yet commercially available, laboratory diagnoses of AIDS or of the AIDS-related complex (ARC) are based on "surrogate markers".
(5) This issue boils down to the question whether the ballot sponsors are more like citizens with strong policy views about a law (who normally cannot defend a law in federal court) or, instead, surrogate public officials who can act as the state for purposes of this lawsuit when the state itself refuses to do so (who would be permitted to defend the law).
(6) Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) measurements in blood donors has been advocated as a surrogate test for non-A, non-B hepatitis.
(7) Britain's Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) seems to have badly miscalculated in discounting the political necessity of immediately introducing legislation to ban surrogate parenthood arrangements.
(8) A significant idiotype repertoire is shared by anti-hydatid antibodies produced by different individuals of the same or different species, and anti-Id raised against those antibodies behave as surrogate antigens producing a normal primary and secondary response in animals of different species from that used to isolate the Id.
(9) The study also addresses the methodological problems of evaluating response as a surrogate end point and the relevance of this association to clinical decision making and the design of clinical trials.
(10) The surrogate allowed for the measurement of ligament force time response during a controlled impact.
(11) These results support the use of a-IdAb as potential surrogates of critical determinants for FMD vaccines.
(12) A low correlation was found between HCV antibody screening with EIA and surrogate testing.
(13) Bone-induced multinucleated cells have been suggested as surrogates for the study of osteoclastic lineage and function.
(14) The associations were practically eliminated after adjustment for the number of sexual partners and alcohol consumption, probably a surrogate for an unidentified life-style risk factor.
(15) It would seem impossible to determine an ethical framework for the practice of surrogate motherhood that does not impinge on the liberties of some or offend others.
(16) In Johnson v. Calvert, a surrogate mother in California failed to gain custody of the child she bore after gestating an embryo from the ovum and sperm of the couple who hired her.
(17) The potential application of MAb2s to serve as surrogate immunogens for conformational epitopes is substantiated by the results presented in this report.
(18) However, the surrogate respondent was able to answer 45 of 57 tested items with agreement greater than 80%.
(19) The majority of gestational carriers stated that they had considered becoming a traditional surrogate but felt they could not surrender a child that was genetically theirs.
(20) Stepwise logistic regression analyses on professional and personal background variables showed that gender was related, cross-nationally, to self-reported directiveness in counseling, with men more likely than women to regard directive approaches as appropriate, more likely to give advice about fetuses with low-burden disorders, and more likely to present either IVF with donor egg or surrogate motherhood as options.