(a.) Of or pertaining to a tegument or tegmentum; as, the tegmental layer of the epiblast; the tegmental cells of the taste buds.
Example Sentences:
(1) The effects of clozapine on the spontaneous firing rate of noradrenergic (NE, locus coeruleus), dopaminergic (DA, zona compacta, ventral tegmental area) and non-dopaminergic (zona reticulata) neurons was studied in chloral hydrate anesthetized rats.
(2) Transplants of cell suspension obtained from the locus coeruleus region of 13- to 14-day-old rat fetuses were implanted into the hippocampal formation of intact adult rats or rats from which the noradrenergic afferents to the hippocampus had been removed by bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injections into the dorsal tegmental noradrenergic bundle.
(3) All of these connections are in varying degree bilateral, with decussations in the supramammillary region, ventral tegmental area and median raphe nucleus.
(4) The glutamatergic mechanisms of neostriatum and nucleus accumbens septi play a minor role in attenuation of tegmental self-stimulation with droperidol, fluphenazine, trifluoperazine and clozapine but these mechanisms seem to be responsible for the suppression of "reward" phenomenon with haloperidol, thioridazine and aminazine.
(5) These results suggest that: (1) catecholaminergic (mainly dopaminergic) and prefrontal cortical terminals in the nucleus accumbens septi dually synapse on common spiny neurons; and (2) dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area receive monosynaptic input from prefrontal cortical afferents.
(6) Marked reductions in DOPAC (35%) and HVA (50%) occurred in the ventral tegmental area between 20 and 32 months of age.
(7) Fewer, but still ample numbers, of SP-reactive axons are present also in the ventral tegmental and retrorubral areas of the midbrain tegmentum and in the ventral pallidum of the basal forebrain, but only sparse ME-reactive axons are present in these areas.
(8) Ventral tegmental area injections of SK effected locomotor hyperactivity, a mesolimbic-mediated behavior.
(9) In the brain stem, dense bundles of the descending fibres were found in the central and the medial tegmental tracts and in the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
(10) The regional changes in glucose utilization induced by U-50,488H in the brain were most pronounced in components of the limbic forebrain circuit such as the anterior thalamic nuclei, mammillary body, frontal cortex, lateral septal nucleus, nucleus accumbens and lateral habenular nucleus as well as in the brainstem tegmental nuclei and the dorsal and median raphe nucleus (components of the limbic midbrain area).
(11) The unitary responses to the gastric vagal and greater splanchnic fibers stimulation were bilaterally distributed in the ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei.
(12) These include the paraventricular and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei, the linear raphe nucleus, nucleus interfascicularis, and in neurons embedded in the fibres of the dorsal tegmental decussation.
(13) DYN B cell bodies were present in nonpyramidal cells of neo- and allocortices, medium-sized cells of the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, lateral part of the central nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, preoptic area, and in sectors of nearly every hypothalamic nucleus and area, medial pretectal area, and nucleus of the optic tract, periaqueductal gray, raphe nuclei, cuneiform nucleus, sagulum, retrorubral nucleus, peripeduncular nucleus, lateral terminal nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, parabigeminal nucleus, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, lateral superior olivary nucleus, superior paraolivary nucleus, medial superior olivary nucleus, ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body, lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus, accessory trigeminal nucleus, solitary nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, paratrigeminal nucleus, area postrema, lateral reticular nucleus, and ventrolateral region of the reticular formation.
(14) AHA axons staying ventral projected to the supramammillary region, ventral tegmental area, raphe nuclei and midbrain reticular formation.
(15) Recent lesion studies on young rats suggest that the components of the rodent's general learning system (GLS; a group of brain structures essential for normal acquisition of a wide range of laboratory tasks, include the regions of the caudatoputamen, globus pallidus, ventrolateral thalamus, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, superior colliculus, median raphe, and pontine reticular formation).
(16) Retinopetal fibers, originating from bilaterally distributed neurons of the tegmental midbrain, were thin and varicose and ran parallel to the ganglion cell axons to terminate either with a varicose enlargement or a few short sidebranches in the sclerad third of the inner plexiform layer.
(17) In order to determine whether 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) produces neuronal death or the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, 4 catecholaminergic nuclei in the mouse: substantia nigra compacta (SNc), locus coeruleus (LC), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the A13 nucleus in the hypothalamus were quantitatively examined.
(18) Subsequent experiments employed anaesthetized rats; kainate was microinfused into tegmental sites in order to stimulate local cholinergic perikarya, and concurrently, extracellular recordings were made of single dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.
(19) Short-term haloperidol significantly decreased the concentrations of somatostatin in the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, and ventral tegmental area, and decreased the concentration of substance P in the substantia nigra and the nucleus accumbens.
(20) Neurons of the cholinergic laterodorsal tegmental nucleus were retrogradely labelled after injections into the anterior, laterodorsal, central medial, and mediodorsal nuclei, suggesting that it provides a projection to limbic components of the thalamus.
Tegmentum
Definition:
(n.) A covering; -- applied especially to the bundles of longitudinal fibers in the upper part of the crura of the cerebrum.
Example Sentences:
(1) The effects of quinpirole and sulpiride on dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) after inhibition of DOPA decarboxylase were determined for the striatum and tegmentum of 11- and 17-day-old rat pups.
(2) A low-intensity thermally evoked tail avoidance reflex (LITETAR) was used to study changes in nociceptive response produced by local anesthetics and cobalt chloride microinjected into the dorsal posterior mesencephalic tegmentum (DPMT) of conscious rats.
(3) The neighbouring neocortical areas receive afferents neither from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus nor from the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum; their catecholamine innervation is mainly confined to the superficial layers and appears to be of noradrenergic nature.
(4) One infant had a unilateral infarction in the medulla and another showed extensive gliosis in the brainstem tegmentum along with a large infarction in the region of the anterior cerebral artery.
(5) Striking similarities were found between the functional pathways affected differentially by RET stimulation and well-defined cholinergic pathways which originate in the midbrain tegmentum.
(6) Single neurons in the midbrain tegmentum of rats showed clear discriminatory responses to three tones announcing either food or water or no reinforcement.
(7) ruber, anterodorsolateral midbrain tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, pontine gray, cerebral peduncles, medial pontine reticular formation, raphe and vestibular nuclei did not affect the acoustic structure of the calls tested.
(8) Fewer, but still ample numbers, of SP-reactive axons are present also in the ventral tegmental and retrorubral areas of the midbrain tegmentum and in the ventral pallidum of the basal forebrain, but only sparse ME-reactive axons are present in these areas.
(9) In lampreys, the majority of HRP-labeled cells were located along the length of the brainstem reticular formation in the inferior, middle, and superior reticular nuclei of the medulla, mesencephalic tegmentum, and nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
(10) Both hyperphagic and hyperdipsic animals had significantly lower concentrations of 5-HT in forebrain than rats which sustained similar cuts in the tegmentum which did not affect ingestive behavior.
(11) The topographical distribution of neuropeptide-containing cell bodies, fibers and terminals was studied in human parabrachial nuclei and the pontine tegmentum with immunohistochemical stainings.
(12) These results indicate that bilateral lesioning of the mesencephalic lateral tegmentum, which disrupts the milk-ejection response, could damage somatosensory projections originating from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, the lateral cervical nucleus, the dorsal column nuclei and the sensory and spinal trigeminal nuclei.
(13) In bullfrogs, AVT concentrations were greater in males, compared to females, in the amygdala pars lateralis, optic tectum, and tegmentum.
(14) By means of an extracellular glass microelectrode method, unitary discharges synchronized with the grouping discharges in the pelvic vesical branch with a rhythm of 2.2-2.5 Hz were recorded from the pontine micturition center in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum.
(15) Areas rich in [3H]-SP binding were located in the ventral telencephalon, in the entire hypothalamic and thalamic region, in the midbrain tegmentum, in the optic tectum, in the valvulla cerebelli and in the medulla oblongata.
(16) WGA-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons were identified in the DRN, PAG and lateral dorsal tegmentum (LDTg) after PF and CM injections.
(17) Smaller numbers of double-labeled neurons were located in the B9 cell group and the region of the lateral midbrain tegmentum.
(18) Degenerating fibers were observed to descend bilaterally through the midbrain, pontine, and medullary tegmentum to the vicinity of the principal sensory and motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve.
(19) Using a retrograde tracer technique with horseradish peroxidase, we have identified the afferent connections to the visual cortex from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (locus coeruleus, nucleus parabrachialis medialis and nucleus parabrachialis lateralis) as well as from the dorsal raphe nucleus.
(20) Descending projections through the caudal dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and into the medial medullary reticular formation may be involved in the initiation of sensorimotor inhibition.