(n.) Any one of numerous species of batrachians belonging to the genus Bufo and allied genera, especially those of the family Bufonidae. Toads are generally terrestrial in their habits except during the breeding season, when they seek the water. Most of the species burrow beneath the earth in the daytime and come forth to feed on insects at night. Most toads have a rough, warty skin in which are glands that secrete an acrid fluid.
Example Sentences:
(1) A golden toad (Bufo periglenes) in Monteverde Cloud forest reserve in Puntarenas province of Costa Rica.
(2) Resting plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were 13.1 and 2.1 nmol liter-1 for the marine toad (Bufo marinus).
(3) A study was made of the innervation of the longitudinal muscle of the toad ileum with particular emphasis on the splanchnic innervation by non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) nerves.
(4) These results indicate that GE decreases active Na transport in the toad skin.
(5) Fenoterol significantly increased toad skin oxygen consumption and net Na+ movement across the skin due to an increase in Na+ flux from mucosa to serosa.
(6) We attempted to distinguish between these 2 possibilities by studying paired toad bladders during 3 protocols that alter vasopressin-stimulated water flow across the intact tissue without altering aggregate frequency.
(7) In IDD patients the ultrafiltrates were active in the TTC assay and in the toad assay.
(8) About 2 weeks after metamorphosis, midwife toads Alytes obstetricans judge the size of a prey object mainly in scales of visual angle.
(9) However, we also demonstrate that published data show the existence of strong nonlinearities in the single-photon responses of toad and perhaps also of locust.
(10) A photoreactive analogue of vasotocin, [1-desamino,4-lysine(azidobenzoyl),8-arginine]vasotocin (4-N3-AVT), has been examined in the isolated toad urinary bladder for biological activity and binding to hormonal receptors.
(11) Earlier studies have shown that a substance(s) released from the egg jelly of the toad Bufo arenarum is required for fertilization.
(12) Commenters on his blog posted numerous fotozhaby – literally, photo-toads, or montages – in pastiche of the sham image.
(13) Schematic eyes, with homogeneous and non homogeneous lenses, were constructed for tadpoles, juvenile toads, and adult toads.
(14) Bidirectional sodium fluxes were measured across toad bladder sacs after eliminating active transport with ouabain.
(15) The properties of hyperpolarization-activated channels were studied in single smooth muscle cells from the stomach of the toad, Bufo marinus, using the patch-clamp technique.
(16) Findings from toad urinary bladder, Necturus gallbladder, and rabbit cortical collecting tubule are reviewed.
(17) The chronotropic and inotropic effects of stimulating the vagus on the hearts of the dog, duck and toad were studied.2.
(18) The inhibition of osmotic stimulated water flow in the isolated toad bladder by 0.1 mM sodium stibogluconate (pentavalent antimony) is described.
(19) Other than snake venoms, only venoms of the toad Bufo calamita and the lizards were hemorrhagic, and only venoms of the social wasps, social bees and harvester ant exhibited strong anticoagulant activity.
(20) By analogy with the comparable glands of the yellow-bellied toad and the grass frog, these are called the toxic, lumpy, mucous, callous, and small glands.
Toadfish
Definition:
(n.) Any marine fish of the genus Batrachus, having a large, thick head and a wide mouth, and bearing some resemblance to a toad. The American species (Batrachus tau) is very common in shallow water. Called also oyster fish, and sapo.
(n.) The angler.
(n.) A swellfish.
Example Sentences:
(1) The anterior chamber of the toadfish swimbladder is lined by an extracellular layer.
(2) Kinetic analysis of L-leucine uptake by toadfish liver at 20 degrees C in vivo has been carried out after pulse injection of L-[14C]leucine into the hepatic portal vein.
(3) The bullfrog and toadfish proteins exist as homooligomers.
(4) Acclimation of toadfish to approximately 5% seawater (hyposmotic to plasma) did not alter the sensitivity of the perfused gills but reduced the apparent EC50 of rat AP on aortic rings to 3 x 10(-10) M. Extracts from O. beta atrium, ventricle, and brain also produced dilation of aortic rings, with ventricular extracts producing the greatest effect per milligram extracted tissue, suggesting that the ventricle may be a major site source of atriopeptin in fishes.
(5) Treatment of toadfish islet slices with alloxan markedly increased their permeability to D-mannitol-1-14C, which normally is restricted to the extracellular space.
(6) Metabolic rates were significantly higher in toadfish cell suspensions.
(7) These results indicate the presence of an electrogenic Na+-cotransport mechanism with specificity for beta-amino acids in the toadfish renal brush border.
(8) In nitrogen metabolism, glutamine synthetase displays a distribution pattern commensurate with its unique metabolic function in the liver of the ureogenic toadfish.
(9) ANF (10(-4) M) inhibited the BAP monooxygenase activity of MC microsomes from toadfish and eels and of BNF microsomes from toadfish.
(10) Activities of eight enzymes were measured in the sonic muscle of the gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, to determine the metabolic poise of this unique tissue and to evaluate potential sex related differences in metabolism.
(11) The above results are useful as an aid in the understanding of an ongoing, comprehensive functional analysis of auditory and vestibular mechanisms in toadfish and complement previous work on the efferent vestibular and sound-producing motor systems.
(12) Toadfish bbmv also translocated L-alanine and L-glutamic acid in a Na+-dependent manner.
(13) Thynnascaris habena is redescribed from the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau (Linnaeus), its type host, on the basis of examination of specimens collected from Massachusetts, Virginia, and Georgia.
(14) Contrary to existing mammalian models, short-term regulation of urea cycle activity can be ruled out for toadfish, since hormone treatments fail to influence the activity of two ornithine-urea cycle enzymes or the rate of hepatocyte-urea synthesis.
(15) Thus, in the latter group the lines of sight shifted cyclically from one side to the other about every 10-15 s. Eye movement responses in goldfish and toadfish were prototypical for two major functional groups.
(16) The efferent vestibular nuclei and nerves were studied in the toadfish, Opsanus tau, with morphological and electrophysiological techniques.
(17) Pretreatment of toadfish with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) decreased the mutagenicity of 2AA and increased the mutagenicities of BAP, AFB1 and DMBA, whereas, pretreatment of eels with MC increased the mutagenicities of BAP, 2AA and AFB1.
(18) Significant S9-dependent mutagenicity was observed for benzo[a]pyrene (BAP), 2-aminoanthracene (2AA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and cyclophosphamide (CP) with hepatic S9 from untreated fish (UI S9) of both species and with renal S9 from untreated toadfish, although renal UI S9 was only marginally effective for activating AFB1.
(19) From this and other data, we conclude that toadfish sonic muscle can be classified as fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic or fast-twitch fatigue resistant.
(20) Standard reagents and techniques used in other vitamin B12 competitive binding assays can be used with the toadfish serum binder.