(n.) Any one of numerous species of batrachians belonging to the genus Bufo and allied genera, especially those of the family Bufonidae. Toads are generally terrestrial in their habits except during the breeding season, when they seek the water. Most of the species burrow beneath the earth in the daytime and come forth to feed on insects at night. Most toads have a rough, warty skin in which are glands that secrete an acrid fluid.
Example Sentences:
(1) A golden toad (Bufo periglenes) in Monteverde Cloud forest reserve in Puntarenas province of Costa Rica.
(2) Resting plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were 13.1 and 2.1 nmol liter-1 for the marine toad (Bufo marinus).
(3) A study was made of the innervation of the longitudinal muscle of the toad ileum with particular emphasis on the splanchnic innervation by non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) nerves.
(4) These results indicate that GE decreases active Na transport in the toad skin.
(5) Fenoterol significantly increased toad skin oxygen consumption and net Na+ movement across the skin due to an increase in Na+ flux from mucosa to serosa.
(6) We attempted to distinguish between these 2 possibilities by studying paired toad bladders during 3 protocols that alter vasopressin-stimulated water flow across the intact tissue without altering aggregate frequency.
(7) In IDD patients the ultrafiltrates were active in the TTC assay and in the toad assay.
(8) About 2 weeks after metamorphosis, midwife toads Alytes obstetricans judge the size of a prey object mainly in scales of visual angle.
(9) However, we also demonstrate that published data show the existence of strong nonlinearities in the single-photon responses of toad and perhaps also of locust.
(10) A photoreactive analogue of vasotocin, [1-desamino,4-lysine(azidobenzoyl),8-arginine]vasotocin (4-N3-AVT), has been examined in the isolated toad urinary bladder for biological activity and binding to hormonal receptors.
(11) Earlier studies have shown that a substance(s) released from the egg jelly of the toad Bufo arenarum is required for fertilization.
(12) Commenters on his blog posted numerous fotozhaby – literally, photo-toads, or montages – in pastiche of the sham image.
(13) Schematic eyes, with homogeneous and non homogeneous lenses, were constructed for tadpoles, juvenile toads, and adult toads.
(14) Bidirectional sodium fluxes were measured across toad bladder sacs after eliminating active transport with ouabain.
(15) The properties of hyperpolarization-activated channels were studied in single smooth muscle cells from the stomach of the toad, Bufo marinus, using the patch-clamp technique.
(16) Findings from toad urinary bladder, Necturus gallbladder, and rabbit cortical collecting tubule are reviewed.
(17) The chronotropic and inotropic effects of stimulating the vagus on the hearts of the dog, duck and toad were studied.2.
(18) The inhibition of osmotic stimulated water flow in the isolated toad bladder by 0.1 mM sodium stibogluconate (pentavalent antimony) is described.
(19) Other than snake venoms, only venoms of the toad Bufo calamita and the lizards were hemorrhagic, and only venoms of the social wasps, social bees and harvester ant exhibited strong anticoagulant activity.
(20) By analogy with the comparable glands of the yellow-bellied toad and the grass frog, these are called the toxic, lumpy, mucous, callous, and small glands.
Tympanum
Definition:
(n.) The ear drum, or middle ear. Sometimes applied incorrectly to the tympanic membrane. See Ear.
(n.) A chamber in the anterior part of the syrinx of birds.
(n.) One of the naked, inflatable air sacs on the neck of the prairie chicken and other species of grouse.
(n.) The recessed face of a pediment within the frame made by the upper and lower cornices, being usually a triangular space or table.
(n.) The space within an arch, and above a lintel or a subordinate arch, spanning the opening below the arch.
(n.) A drum-shaped wheel with spirally curved partitions by which water is raised to the axis when the wheel revolves with the lower part of the circumference submerged, -- used for raising water, as for irrigation.
Example Sentences:
(1) To test ciliary clearance, the fluid was placed in either the tympanum or the mastoid bulla.
(2) These areas are the anterior epi-tympanum, the recess between the tympanic membrane and the anterior and inferior canal walls, the facial ridge and the sump that can form behind it, the sino-dural angle and the mastoid tip.
(3) This study has demonstrated the anatomical relations of the cochlea to structures in the medial wall of the tympanum, and has shown that surgical access can be obtained to the terminal auditory nerve fibres supplying the basal, middle and apical turns of the cochlea.
(4) From this preliminary investigation, the device successfully maintained atmospheric pressures in the tympanum, compensated for Eustachian tube malfunction, prevented otorrhea and recurrence of middle ear effusions.
(5) Temperature within the brain and the esophagus and at the tympanum were obtained in a 12-yr-old male in a series of experiments that began 8 days after surgery for implantation of a drainage catheter.
(6) This is invariably indicated on a pre-operative basis, except in two circumstances: --when the glomus, tumour is small and situated close to the drum of the tympanum, its surgical excision posing no problem of haemostasis under these circumstances: --when radiotherapy is envisaged as treatment of the glomus tumour when surgery is impossible.
(7) Although the clinical importance of these differences remains to be established, the authors believe they are substantial enough to justify continued use of tympanostomy tubes in the primary surgical therapy of chronic secretory otitis media, when medical therapy and observation indicate the need for drainage to improve hearing or correct anatomic deformities of the tympanum.
(8) The thick tympanum, while disadvantageous as an aerial receptor, likely enhances low-frequency bone conduction hearing.
(9) The inflammatory process, issuing from the external auditory passage and under circumvention of the tympanum, spreads to the skull base and according to the localisation causes adequate pareses of the brain nerves.
(10) Massive discharge occurred only with low viscosity fluid placed in the tympanum, whereas small amounts of highly viscous fluid were cleared by linear discharge.
(11) Otorrhea is the most common complication of surgical drainage of the tympanum for the treatment of chronic secretory otitis media.
(12) The authors report six cases of rare ear diseases: fibrous dysplasia of the tympanum mimicking an partially obstructive osteoma of the external auditory canal.
(13) The tube with a beveled head and split shank is very convenient and effective for the treatment since it is not only easily inserted but also easily removed, preventing it from migration into the tympanum.
(14) The existing peri-ligamentous space of the disco-malleolar ligament is a latent way between temporomandibular joint rear and tympanum.
(15) It has been assumed that the common inheritance of all early tetrapods was a light, rod-like stapes associated with a temporal notch in the otic region that was thought to have supported a tympanum, or eardrum.
(16) Seromucous effusions were found in the tympanum in 91% of 208 cases of cleft palate.
(17) The experimental evidence of cochleovestibular toxicity of aminoglycosides applied locally in the presence of a perforated tympanum leaves no room for doubt.
(18) Insertion of tympanostomy tubes to provide prolonged aeration and drainage of the tympanum in cases of chronic secretory otitis media has become the most commonly performed operation in children.
(19) In all animals, nontympanic surfaces were most responsive to low frequencies, and the tympanum was most responsive to high frequencies.
(20) The method seems to have the following merits: permanent ventilation of the tympanum with preservation of an intact drum (from the functional point of view); no tympanophonia or autophonia; simple technique, short operative period (five minutes); no risk of postoperative complications; and no danger of ascending infection of the middle ear from the ear canal.