What's the difference between trough and wave?

Trough


Definition:

  • (n.) A long, hollow vessel, generally for holding water or other liquid, especially one formed by excavating a log longitudinally on one side; a long tray; also, a wooden channel for conveying water, as to a mill wheel.
  • (n.) Any channel, receptacle, or depression, of a long and narrow shape; as, trough between two ridges, etc.

Example Sentences:

  • (1) These observations were confirmed by the killing curves in pooled serum obtained at peak and trough levels.
  • (2) Plasma aldosterone peaked (p < 0.05) at 22 hours after operation, and argine vasopressin peaked (p < 0.05) at two hours and then declined (p < 0.05) to a trough at 24 hours.
  • (3) Our observations demonstrated that echographic coaptation of the aortic valve leaflets coincides with the trough of the aortic pressure incisura and the onset of A2.
  • (4) The goal of the expedition, led by Prof Ken Takai of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, was to study the limits of life at deep-sea vents in the Cayman Trough as part of a round-the-world voyage of discovery by the research ship RV Yokosuka .
  • (5) IDDM in Canterbury, New Zealand, presents in cycles of incidence peaks and troughs, each spanning 2-3 yr.
  • (6) No IgE circadian rhythm was validated in healthy children while a large amplitude (approximately equal to 30% of the 24 hours mean) circadian rhythm with 2 diurnal peaks and a nocturnal trough was demonstrated (P less than 0.0023) in the asthmatics.
  • (7) Trough levels of LH, however, are dependent on the frequency of LHRH-induced pulsatile LH secretion.
  • (8) Appropriate conditions for administering the drug by intravenous drip infusion to neonates and infants at ages of more than 1 week were investigated taking observed blood levels and achieved peak levels and trough levels calculated using the one-compartment open model into account.
  • (9) Dose limiting toxicities were observed in 9 of 10 patients with 12-h trough piritrexim concentrations greater than 0.5 microM, whereas only 2 of 7 patients with trough concentrations less than 0.5 microM experienced dose limiting toxicities.
  • (10) Both free and luciferase-bound B show similar negative circular dichroism in the region 330-475 nm with troughs at 375 and 380 nm, respectively.
  • (11) Whole blood steady-state trough concentrations of cyclosporine were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and TDx assays employing monoclonal antibodies in 82 samples from 39 renal transplant patients.
  • (12) Regression analysis also showed a strong relationship between the area under the curve (AUC) from time 0 to 11 hours after the initial dose and the trough at steady state (r = 0.86).
  • (13) algebraic sum of these three cosine functions yielded a circadian waveform with peak-times occurring near 0300 and 1130 hr and a trough-time about 2200 hr.
  • (14) Group I represented the modified "over-the-top" technique with a deep cancellous bone trough and represented the most isometric tracking.
  • (15) Circular dichroic spectra of the lipophorins and apolipophorin from 190 to 250 nm showed a single trough at 218 nm and a peak at 194 nm.
  • (16) • The best ideas are tested by their peaks and troughs.
  • (17) During the estrous cycle, mitotic activity of the granulosa cells was highest at estrus in follicles less than 601 micron, and at diestrus in follicles greater than 600 micron; while the mitotic trough was at proestrus in all the follicles.
  • (18) Data analysis revealed a seasonal pattern in the monthly distribution of births, with the peak period observed during April-June, and a trough during November-January.
  • (19) The issues in CsA monitoring include selection of sample matrix, analytical method, dosing interval and the timing of trough measurements, the temporal relationship between measurements and physiological events such as toxicity, the concurrent presence of multiple other immunosuppressive agents, and the lack of "gold standards" for determining rejection, adequate immunosuppression, and toxicity.
  • (20) The addition of LTB4 to the microsomal fraction gave a type-I spectral change with a peak at around 390 nm and a trough at 422 nm, indicating a direct interaction of LTB4 with the cytochrome P-450.

Wave


Definition:

  • (v. t.) See Waive.
  • (v. i.) To play loosely; to move like a wave, one way and the other; to float; to flutter; to undulate.
  • (v. i.) To be moved to and fro as a signal.
  • (v. i.) To fluctuate; to waver; to be in an unsettled state; to vacillate.
  • (v. t.) To move one way and the other; to brandish.
  • (v. t.) To raise into inequalities of surface; to give an undulating form a surface to.
  • (v. t.) To move like a wave, or by floating; to waft.
  • (v. t.) To call attention to, or give a direction or command to, by a waving motion, as of the hand; to signify by waving; to beckon; to signal; to indicate.
  • (v. i.) An advancing ridge or swell on the surface of a liquid, as of the sea, resulting from the oscillatory motion of the particles composing it when disturbed by any force their position of rest; an undulation.
  • (v. i.) A vibration propagated from particle to particle through a body or elastic medium, as in the transmission of sound; an assemblage of vibrating molecules in all phases of a vibration, with no phase repeated; a wave of vibration; an undulation. See Undulation.
  • (v. i.) Water; a body of water.
  • (v. i.) Unevenness; inequality of surface.
  • (v. i.) A waving or undulating motion; a signal made with the hand, a flag, etc.
  • (v. i.) The undulating line or streak of luster on cloth watered, or calendered, or on damask steel.
  • (v. i.) Fig.: A swelling or excitement of thought, feeling, or energy; a tide; as, waves of enthusiasm.
  • (n.) Woe.

Example Sentences:

  • (1) Arterial compliance of great vessels can be studied through the Doppler evaluation of pulsed wave velocity along the arterial tree.
  • (2) This suggested that the chemical effects produced by shock waves were either absent or attenuated in the cells, or were inherently less toxic than those of ionizing irradiation.
  • (3) During the performance of propulsive waves of the oesophagus the implanted vagus nerve caused clonic to tetanic contractions of the sternohyoid muscle, thus proving the oesophagomotor genesis of the reinnervating nerve fibres.
  • (4) In patients with coronary artery disease, electrocardiographic signs of left atrial enlargement (LAE-negative P wave deflection greater than or equal to 1 mm2 in lead V1) are associated with increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP).
  • (5) The water is embossed with small waves and it has a chill glassiness which throws light back up at the sky.
  • (6) The examination of the standard waves' amplitude and latency of the brain stem auditory evoked response (BAEP) was performed in 20 guinea pigs (males and females, weighing 250 to 300 g).
  • (7) The amplitudes of the a-wave and the 01 decreased in dose-dependent manners, but their changes were less striking than those of the 01 latency.
  • (8) Enzymatic activity per gram of urinary creatinine was consistently but not significantly higher before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy than in control subjects.
  • (9) It is the route the authorities are now adopting, after the wave of taxpayer bailouts in2008-09.
  • (10) Paired tolbutamide and glucose infusions using a square wave technique demonstrated that although early phase insulin secretion is dimished in the fetus, this is not due to an absolute deficiency of stored insulin.
  • (11) It was shown that gradual recovery of spike wave patterns occurred from initial water swallowing to successive dry swalllowing.
  • (12) Total abolition of the CR ensued when the wave of CSD reached the motor (frontal) cortex and again was independent of the CS modality.
  • (13) One thousand singleton low-risk pregnancies were cross-sectionally studied at 36-40 weeks gestation with continuous-wave Doppler ultrasonography in order to assess its usefulness as an antepartum monitoring technique for the identification of fetuses at risk of developing an adverse outcome.
  • (14) Yet in 4 patients in whom no aortic late systolic pressure wave was apparent (group II), nitroprusside did not alter the difference between aortic and radial systolic pressures.
  • (15) Alternatively, try the Hawaii Fish O nights, every Friday from 26 July until the end of August, featuring a one-hour paddleboard lesson, followed by a fish-and-chip supper looking out over the waves you've just battled (£16.75).
  • (16) F-wave latency was consistently increased in the affected hands of the patients, compared with results from the unaffected and control hands.
  • (17) The b-wave in the ERG was lacking and the EOG was flat.
  • (18) In only six patients (14%) the ventricular tachycardia was initiated by an ectopic ventricular complex interrupting the T wave.
  • (19) Analysis of official registers reveals the 38 companies in the first wave of the initiative – more than two-thirds of which are based overseas – have collectively had 698 face-to-face meetings with ministers under the current government, prompting accusations of an over-cosy relationship between corporations and ministers.
  • (20) The following results were obtained: 1) In normal subjects, the changes in ABR waveforms according to the changes of the rise-time, interstimulus interval and frequency of the stimulus were mainly attributed to component wave C. 2) In patients with central disorders, component wave C were initially affected.

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