What's the difference between vanadium and vanadous?
Vanadium
Definition:
(n.) A rare element of the nitrogen-phosphorus group, found combined, in vanadates, in certain minerals, and reduced as an infusible, grayish-white metallic powder. It is intermediate between the metals and the non-metals, having both basic and acid properties. Symbol V (or Vd, rarely). Atomic weight 51.2.
Example Sentences:
(1) N-Methylformamide extracts of acid-treated precipitated VFe protein of the V-nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum are yellow-brown in colour and contain vanadium, iron and acid-labile sulphur in the approximate proportions 1:6:5.
(2) To further characterize the role of superoxide anion-radical in the vanadium redox cycling, the increase of optical density of vanadate(V) dissolved in Tris buffer was measured at 328 nm during the addition of KO2.
(3) The oxidative properties of Vv can be used in the photocolorimetric determination of those reducers which give no other reactions with vanadium ions-penta and tetravalent.
(4) The amount of lead excreted in feces decreased, however, with administration of oxythiamine and vanadium.
(5) 51V nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy were employed to investigate the interactions between ammonium vanadate and sugar phosphates and the formation of vanadium--sugar phosphate complexes that may be involved in the stimulation of the catalytic activity of the isomerases.
(6) Two sites of vanadium action in green algae are discussed.
(7) In presence of vanadium, the chlorophyll formation was stimulated in Scenedesmus obliquus.
(8) 2-Mercaptosuccinic and ascorbic acids were not effective as antidotes for parenteral vanadium intoxication.
(9) Hepatic, renal, and femur vanadium concentrations were usually reduced at the higher levels of NaCl supplementation, but there was little correlation between these reductions and the reversal of vanadate toxicity.
(10) The 1-H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of living tunicate blood cells was examined in an attempt to develop a biophysical assay for the native vanadium chromogen.
(11) Plasma protein exchange reactions were also studied on hydrophilic titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), and silver (Ag) surfaces.
(12) Thus, interference by oxyvanadium did not appear to be related to changes in pH of samples containing vanadium oxyions.
(13) veratridine, sanguinarine nitrate, penicillic acid, vanadium pentoxide, harmaline-HCI,5,5'-diphenyl hydantoin, quindonium bromide, and methyl quinolizinum bromide) provides strong evidence that the observed species-related differences are highly specific for cardiotonic steroids.
(14) Significant concentrations of vanadate dimer and tetramer are only found at fairly high vanadate concentrations, so these species are not likely to represent vanadium species present under normal physiological conditions.
(15) It is postulated that free-radical redox cycling of vanadium may be responsible for the observed pulmonary toxicity.
(16) The mechanism of vanadium ions action as well as differences between vanadate and vanadyl ions effects are discussed.
(17) To obtain the usual values of arsenic, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, mercury, methyl mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, vanadium, and zinc in the normal human body, the amounts of 15 metals were determined in 15 male and 15 female Japanese cadavers (average weight, 55 kg [121 lb]).
(18) Less than 2% supplement molybdenum or vanadium and do so only when administering total parenteral nutrition.
(19) A similar process might contribute to the toxic and pharmacological effects of vanadium salts.
(20) Vanadium in the 4+ (vanadyl-ion) and 5+ (vanadate-ion) oxidation state stimulates furosemide-sensitive electrogenic Cl- secretion in isolated epithelia of rabbit descending colon.
Vanadous
Definition:
(a.) Of or pertaining to vanadium; obtained from vanadium; -- said of an acid containing one equivalent of vanadium and two of oxygen.
Example Sentences:
(1) However, within 5 min potassium overcame the vanadate potentiation of ouabain binding regardless of the order in which it was added to the reaction mixture.
(2) Vanadate-dependent oxidation of either pyridine nucleotide was inhibited by the addition of either superoxide dismutase or catalase, indicating that both superoxide and hydrogen peroxide may be intermediates in the process.
(3) Vanadate(V) required the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate to trigger co-oxygenation of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol.
(4) Sodium vanadate-dependent oxidation of NADH was inhibited by rotenone, antimycin A, NaN3, and NaCN.
(5) Forskolin as well as agents that activate G protein such as cholera toxin, AlF4-, and vanadate ions also increase the rate of secretion.
(6) Vanadate induces phosphotyrosine accumulation and activates O2 consumption in permeabilized differentiated HL60 cells.
(7) The peptide also inhibited stimulation by vanadate of tyrosine autophosphorylation of the beta subunit of the receptor, though it enhanced vanadate-stimulated glucose oxidation.
(8) A similar synergism occurred between vanadate and IGF-II.
(9) H2O2 and vanadate are known insulinomimetic agents.
(10) In studies examining the relationship between protein synthesis and vanadate-induced down-regulation, we found that vanadate markedly stimulated the overall rate of protein synthesis in 24-h treated adipocytes (a 42% increase; ED50, 3 microM), and that cycloheximide treatment markedly blunted vanadate-induced loss of cell surface receptors.
(11) An assay for quantifying the extent of formation of the vanadate-based transition-state analogue complexes in crystals of phosphoglucomutase is described.
(12) Such oxidation of NAD(P)H may account for several of the biological effects of vanadate.
(13) Actin assembly, studied using 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD)-phallacidin, was similarly stimulated by vanadate, though considerably higher concentrations were required to observe this effect.
(14) To further characterize the role of superoxide anion-radical in the vanadium redox cycling, the increase of optical density of vanadate(V) dissolved in Tris buffer was measured at 328 nm during the addition of KO2.
(15) For these experiments a substantial inhibition of the Ca2+ buffer capacity of the axoplasm was achieved by the use of Ruthenium red (10-20 microM), cyanide (1 mM) and vanadate (1 mM) in the dialysis solution.
(16) Vanadate increased, mainly in vascular myocells, both receptor-operated Ca2+ channel- and cyclic-AMP-dependent availability of Ca2+ for contractile processes.
(17) The intracellular Na content was increased slightly by vanadate.
(18) The capacity of tolbutamide and glibenclamide to relax vanadate-induced contraction of rat uterus in Ca-free medium suggests that sulphonylureas may have an intracellular site of action related to cytosolic free Ca levels, or effect a reduction in Ca action.
(19) Oxidation of NADH has been observed in an in vitro system requiring NADH, vanadate, ascorbate, and phosphate.
(20) The work described in this paper suggests vanadate will not necessarily undergo redox chemistry with enzymes containing thiol groups exposed on the surface of the protein.