(1) Included in the thermal destruction category are treatment technologies such as rotary kiln incineration, fluidized bed incineration, infrared thermal treatment, wet air oxidation, pyrolytic incineration, and vitrification.
(2) The purpose of the present survey is to show that a general understanding of the physical behavior and biological effects of vitrification solutions, as well as an understanding of the conditions under which vitrification solutions are required, is gradually emerging.
(3) The embryos were transferred to an equilibration medium [10% 1,2-propanediol and 20% glycerol in modified PBS (mPBS)] for 10 minutes and frozen in a vitrification medium (25% glycerol and 25% 1,2-prapanediol in mPBS) by direct lowering into liquid nitrogen.
(4) The key technique, which came into use in 2001, is vitrification.
(5) The results show that the optimum time for exposure of the embryos to the EFS solution before rapid cooling varies with the ambient temperature, i.e., 0.5 min at 25 degrees C, 0.5-5 min at 20 degrees C, 2-5 min at 10 degrees C, and 2-10 min at 5 degrees C. If they are exposed for an optimum period, almost all mouse morulae can survive vitrification (94-100%).
(6) Devitrification (ice formation during warming) is one of the primary obstacles to successful organ vitrification (solidification without ice formation).
(7) After a minimum, an increase of survival is observed at the fastest cooling rates, which would correspond to complete vitrification.
(8) A system has been developed that ensures that a liquid or partially liquid specimen is maintained in its original state while it is being prepared before vitrification and, once prepared, is vitrified with little alteration of its microstructure.
(9) These results suggest that the simple vitrification solution described in this study is effective for the cryopreservation of mouse blastocysts.
(10) Factors that influence the survival of embryos include the concentration and composition of the vitrification solution, the procedure used to equilibrate embryos in this solution, the cooling and warming conditions, and the procedure used to dilute embryos from the vitrification solution.
(11) Preimplantation stage mouse embryos have been used to examine the response of a simple multicellular system to cryopreservation by the complete vitrification of the suspension.
(12) They were cryopreserved by the vitrification method.
(13) Embryos were exposed to intracellular cryoprotecting medium (glycerol 10%, 1-2 propanediol 20% in PBS) for 10 min and then transferred to extracellular vitrification medium (25% glycerol, 25% 1-2 propanediol in PBS).
(14) Vitrification solutions are aqueous cryoprotectant solutions which do not freeze when cooled at moderate rates to very low temperatures.
(15) The possibility of cryopreservation of islets of Langerhans by vitrification using a mixture of cryoprotectants was investigated and the results were compared with a more conventional freezing method using Me2SO as cryoprotectant.
(16) In all cases there was vaporization of the pathological dentition and vitrification of the superficial dentin layer.
(17) Of the 200 DNA-injected 8-cell embryos cryopreserved by vitrification in microdrops, 194 (97%) were recovered and 188 (94%) embryos were intact one hour after thawing.
(18) Vitrification of such specimens is assessed by cryo-X-ray diffraction.
(19) Exposure of oocytes to the cryoprotectant media, but without the vitrification, resulted in 30.8% developing to blastocysts.
(20) Vitrification offers a way to cryopreserve human liver slices for the study of xenobiotic metabolism in humans.
Vitrify
Definition:
(v. t.) To convert into, or cause to resemble, glass or a glassy substance, by heat and fusion.
(v. t.) To become glass; to be converted into glass.
Example Sentences:
(1) We conclude that freeze-concentration induced by heating a vitrified solution can cause less perturbations of a protein than does quenching into a freeze-concentrated state.
(2) Accordingly, it may be desirable to maintain vitrified biological systems at temperatures sufficiently below Tg so that the extent of relaxation in the glass system is avoided or minimized during cryopreservation.
(3) It is based on the preparation of ultrathin frozen sections of fixed tissues, rinsing of the sections, followed by their embedding on the grid in a layer of vitrified ice, and direct observation with a cryoelectron microscope.
(4) In hydrated, vitrified cryo-sections, chromosomes exhibit a characteristic homogeneous, grainy texture, which, on optical diffraction, gives rise to a broad reflection corresponding to 11 nm.
(5) The solid states formed by vitrified and frozen aqueous solutions of some hydrophilic polymers, able to act as biological cryoprotectants, have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and freeze fracture electron microscopy.
(6) The results obtained with vitrified thin films were interpreted in relation to the principles of thin-film formation.
(7) The survival rate of morulae vitrified after removal of the mucin coat was lower than that of mucin-intact embryos.
(8) Applications to negatively stained 50S ribosomes and to cryo-electron micrographs of thin vitrified layers of unstained and unsupported tomato bushy stunt and Semliki Forest viruses are described, and the resulting reconstructions are presented.
(9) 250000 sq.cm of vitrified skin stored for one to two years were used in 135 operations for major full thickness burns after tangential excision or excision of eschar.
(10) In the amide I spectral region of carbonyl hemoglobin (HbCO), a band at approximately 1654 cm-1 due to alpha-helical structures is the dominant band in spectra recorded at ambient temperature and in the vitrified state, but in the spectrum of HbCO quenched at similar rates into a freeze-concentrated state, a band at approximately 1650 cm-1, tentatively assigned to unordered structures, becomes the dominant feature.
(11) A high proportion of vitrified oocytes was fertilized in vitro (84-94%), 80 to 87% of which were normal.
(12) Embryos were exposed in three steps to a stock VS1 solution or a saline solution containing 90% of the cryoprotectants in the stock VS1 (90% VS1) and then the suspensions were vitrified by rapid cooling in liquid nitrogen.
(13) Materials responding to the demands of biocompatibility are certain forms of porcelain, vitrified carbon, titanium, calcium aluminate.
(14) He cites another case, in which a rabbit brain was vitrified and then thawed, appearing structurally intact – although the brain was first set in a formaldehyde-like substance, that would rule out it ever functioning as a living organ in the future.
(15) The structure of the virus was compared with cryo-electron microscopic data of vitrified suspensions observed to a resolution of 1.15 nm.
(16) The interaction of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase with supercoiled DNA was visualized by cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified samples and by classical electron microscopy methods.
(17) A system has been developed that ensures that a liquid or partially liquid specimen is maintained in its original state while it is being prepared before vitrification and, once prepared, is vitrified with little alteration of its microstructure.
(18) The structure of these crystals was examined by electron crystallography, using three different media to preserve high-resolution detail: vitrified water, glucose and tannin.
(19) In principle, good preservation of native structure may be achieved with fast freezing, followed by low-dose electron imaging of unstained vitrified cryosections.
(20) From these suspensions thin films were prepared at various temperatures, and vitrified for low temperature observation.