(n.) The fluid essence or pure spirit obtained by distillation.
(n.) Pure spirit of wine; pure or highly rectified spirit (called also ethyl alcohol); the spirituous or intoxicating element of fermented or distilled liquors, or more loosely a liquid containing it in considerable quantity. It is extracted by simple distillation from various vegetable juices and infusions of a saccharine nature, which have undergone vinous fermentation.
(n.) A class of compounds analogous to vinic alcohol in constitution. Chemically speaking, they are hydroxides of certain organic radicals; as, the radical ethyl forms common or ethyl alcohol (C2H5.OH); methyl forms methyl alcohol (CH3.OH) or wood spirit; amyl forms amyl alcohol (C5H11.OH) or fusel oil, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) These variants may serve as useful gene markers in alcohol research involving animal model studies with inbred strains in mice.
(2) PMS is more prevalent among women working outside the home, alcoholics, women of high parity, and women with toxemic tendency; it probably runs in families.
(3) The 14C-aminopyrine breath test was used to measure liver function in 14 normal subjects, 16 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, 14 alcoholics without cirrhosis, and 29 patients taking a variety of drugs.
(4) The pancreatic changes are unlikely to be an artefact, but rather a direct toxic effect of the alcohol as confirmed by the biochemical changes.
(5) Evidence of fetal alcohol effects may be found for each outcome category.
(6) The difference in HDL and HDL2 cholesterol concentrations between the MI+ and MI- groups or between the MI+ and CHD- groups persisted after adjustment by analysis of covariance for the effect of physical activity, alcohol intake, obesity, duration of diabetes, and glycemic control.
(7) Veterans admitted to a 90-day alcoholism treatment program were administered the MMPI, and those who completed the program were retested before discharge.
(8) 1 The effects of chronic ethanol intake on the elimination kinetics of antipyrine were determined in nineteen male alcoholic subjects with comparison made to fourteen male volunteers.
(9) This study examines the costs of screening patients for alcohol problems.
(10) Alcohol abuse remains the predominant cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world.
(11) The acute effect of alcohol manifested itself by decreasing mitochondrial respiration, compensated by increased glycolytic activity of the myocardium so that myocardial energy phosphate concentration remained unchanged.
(12) The transmission of alcoholism and its effects are thereby lessened for future generations of children of alcoholics.
(13) More chronic use of alcohol resulted in a suppression of LH.
(14) Because of increasing alcoholism the importance of alcoholic organ lesions is also increasing.
(15) Allergic photocontact dermatitis developed in a patient to a commercial sunscreen preparation containing para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in an alcohol base.
(16) The patients had a high AP, consumed more alcohol, were more well-fed, older and consumed more refined carbohydrates per 1 kg bw and less cholesterol and vegetable protein.
(17) We found that whereas idarubicin was 2-5 times more potent than the other three anthracycline analogs against these tumor cell lines, idarubicinol was 16-122 times more active than the other alcohol metabolites against the same three cell lines.
(18) The phenomenon can be ascribed to the decrease in charge density due to the incorporation of dodecyl alcohol into SDS micelles.
(19) Most of the progressive cases were alcoholic, and some showed progression to advanced pancreatitis within 4 years.
(20) These data indicate that the development of HCC in HBV-negative alcoholics with cirrhosis occurs in relation to the development of macronodules and loss of liver weight, most likely along with the prolongation of the life span.
Etherification
Definition:
(n.) The act or process of making ether; specifically, the process by which a large quantity of alcohol is transformed into ether by the agency of a small amount of sulphuric, or ethyl sulphuric, acid.
Example Sentences:
(1) Thus, as it proceeds, this etherification leads to products having higher reactivity towards the epoxide.
(2) The feature distinguishing the effect produced by the ration with saccharose, as compared with that containing starch, was an accelerated etherification of cholesterol in the blood.
(3) This suggests that de-etherification could occur, leading to estradiol.
(4) The etherification of the alcohol functions of oestradiol allows an adequate protection of the hormone against hepatic catabolism.
(5) The study described the technique for gas chromatographic identification of sebacic acid in the work zone air in the form of diethyl ether produced due to sebacic acid etherification by absolute ethyl alcohol in the presence of 0.3 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid during heating up to 70 degrees C for 15 min.
(6) Evaluation of these derivatives against murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia indicated that, while the hydroxyphenyl styryl ketones and related esters were devoid of significant anticancer activities, etherification of the nuclear hydroxyl group gave compounds with a discernible increase in mean survival time.
(7) The results of quantitative acetic acid determination in the cadaveric organs by LGC method after etherification are influenced upon by its "background" values.
(8) Considerable differences in the reactivities toward acylation and etherification of the two axial hydroxyl groups in 4 permitted the preparation, in good yields, of the 4-acetate (9) and of the 4-methyl ether (12).
(9) Etherification of the phenolic group of 7 by N-(2-chloroethyl)pyrrolidine and subsequent methanesulfonate salt formation provided [3,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-maphthalenyl]]4-]2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methanone, methane sulfonic acid salt (3).
(10) Arteether (6) has been prepared from dihydroquinghaosu (3) by etherification with ethanol in the presence of Lewis acid and separated from its chromatographically slower moving alpha-dihydroqinghaosu ethyl ether (7).
(11) The vindoline radical thus formed eliminates a second electron and a proton to produce a highly reactive iminium derivative which undergoes intramolecular etherification and dimerization.
(12) On the basis of the estimate of the raw material use for regeneration of butyl acetate from the butanol-butyl acetate solutions by etherification of butanol with acetic anhydride, the technical and economic advantages of the processing of such solutions by the described method were shown.
(13) Substitution of the glycosidic moiety of 1 or 2 by ester and ethers, as well as the esterification and etherification of alpha-peltatin (4) including its glucosidic ethylidene and thenylidene cyclic acetals (25 and 26), has afforded compounds of much less activity than that of 1.
(14) Blockage of the C-9 carbinolamide via etherification markedly reduces antileukemic and cytotoxic activity and slightly reduces antitubulin activity but has relatively little effect on antimitotic activity against sea urchin eggs.
(15) 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-C,O-dimethyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (2-methyl-2-methoxy PAF) was prepared in a synthetic scheme beginning with the etherification of 2-methylpropen-1-ol.
(16) Modifications in the structure of isoalloxazine ring, etherification of OH-groups in the lateral D-ribityl chain, and the introduction of volume substitutors (N-piperidyl, D-ribitylamine, hydroxyethylamine) prevented the interaction of the analogue with riboflavin kinase.
(17) 5'-O-alkyl cytidines and uridines, resistant to catabolic enzymes, were as effective as the natural inducers cytidine and uridine; but etherification of one of the cis 2' or 3'hydroxyls fully abolished activity, pointing to a requirement of an intact ribose cis-glycol system for activity.
(18) The synthesis of 3-chloro-4-cyclopropylmethoxyphenylacetic acid (I) from 3-chloro-4-hydroxyacetophenone (III) by the etherification with cyclopropylmethyl bromide and by the Willgerodt reaction is described.
(19) Further reactions, such as hydrolysis, etherification and chromic oxidation, afforded many differently substituted [16,15-c]-pyrazoles of the estradiol and estrone series.
(20) Data on Liquid Gas Chromatographic method for detection of the acetic acid after etherification in the cadaveric organs are presented.