(n.) The fluid essence or pure spirit obtained by distillation.
(n.) Pure spirit of wine; pure or highly rectified spirit (called also ethyl alcohol); the spirituous or intoxicating element of fermented or distilled liquors, or more loosely a liquid containing it in considerable quantity. It is extracted by simple distillation from various vegetable juices and infusions of a saccharine nature, which have undergone vinous fermentation.
(n.) A class of compounds analogous to vinic alcohol in constitution. Chemically speaking, they are hydroxides of certain organic radicals; as, the radical ethyl forms common or ethyl alcohol (C2H5.OH); methyl forms methyl alcohol (CH3.OH) or wood spirit; amyl forms amyl alcohol (C5H11.OH) or fusel oil, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) These variants may serve as useful gene markers in alcohol research involving animal model studies with inbred strains in mice.
(2) PMS is more prevalent among women working outside the home, alcoholics, women of high parity, and women with toxemic tendency; it probably runs in families.
(3) The 14C-aminopyrine breath test was used to measure liver function in 14 normal subjects, 16 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, 14 alcoholics without cirrhosis, and 29 patients taking a variety of drugs.
(4) The pancreatic changes are unlikely to be an artefact, but rather a direct toxic effect of the alcohol as confirmed by the biochemical changes.
(5) Evidence of fetal alcohol effects may be found for each outcome category.
(6) The difference in HDL and HDL2 cholesterol concentrations between the MI+ and MI- groups or between the MI+ and CHD- groups persisted after adjustment by analysis of covariance for the effect of physical activity, alcohol intake, obesity, duration of diabetes, and glycemic control.
(7) Veterans admitted to a 90-day alcoholism treatment program were administered the MMPI, and those who completed the program were retested before discharge.
(8) 1 The effects of chronic ethanol intake on the elimination kinetics of antipyrine were determined in nineteen male alcoholic subjects with comparison made to fourteen male volunteers.
(9) This study examines the costs of screening patients for alcohol problems.
(10) Alcohol abuse remains the predominant cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world.
(11) The acute effect of alcohol manifested itself by decreasing mitochondrial respiration, compensated by increased glycolytic activity of the myocardium so that myocardial energy phosphate concentration remained unchanged.
(12) The transmission of alcoholism and its effects are thereby lessened for future generations of children of alcoholics.
(13) More chronic use of alcohol resulted in a suppression of LH.
(14) Because of increasing alcoholism the importance of alcoholic organ lesions is also increasing.
(15) Allergic photocontact dermatitis developed in a patient to a commercial sunscreen preparation containing para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in an alcohol base.
(16) The patients had a high AP, consumed more alcohol, were more well-fed, older and consumed more refined carbohydrates per 1 kg bw and less cholesterol and vegetable protein.
(17) We found that whereas idarubicin was 2-5 times more potent than the other three anthracycline analogs against these tumor cell lines, idarubicinol was 16-122 times more active than the other alcohol metabolites against the same three cell lines.
(18) The phenomenon can be ascribed to the decrease in charge density due to the incorporation of dodecyl alcohol into SDS micelles.
(19) Most of the progressive cases were alcoholic, and some showed progression to advanced pancreatitis within 4 years.
(20) These data indicate that the development of HCC in HBV-negative alcoholics with cirrhosis occurs in relation to the development of macronodules and loss of liver weight, most likely along with the prolongation of the life span.
Menthol
Definition:
(n.) A white, crystalline, aromatic substance resembling camphor, extracted from oil of peppermint (Mentha); -- called also mint camphor or peppermint camphor.
Example Sentences:
(1) Do [MPs] remember the madness of those advertisements that talked of the cool fresh mountain air of menthol cigarettes?
(2) CSCs from the 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes were cytotoxic in the CHO-HGPRT assay, both with and without metabolic activation, while TEST and TEST-menthol CSCs were not cytotoxic under either condition.
(3) Objective and subjective measurements of nasal patency were made before and after L-menthol stimulation of the palatal mucosa (supplied with the trigeminal nerve) in 15 normal adult subjects.
(4) L-menthol caused a highly significant enhancement of nasal sensation of airflow but despite their great similarity in structure and a similar peppermint smell the isomers D-isomenthol and D-neomenthol had no effect on nasal sensation of airflow.
(5) External application of 50 microM Ni2+ blocks the effect of CAP, but does not affect the acceleration of the high voltage-activated (L-type) current inactivation induced by menthol.
(6) The VAS scores showed significant changes of subjective improvement in nasal sensation of airflow (P less than 0.001) in the menthol-treated group 10 min after dosing whereas the placebo group showed no change.
(7) Angela Harbutt, campaigns manager of the smokers' group Forest, said: "Consumers will have mixed feelings.We welcome the fact that some products have been reprieved while menthol cigarettes have been given a stay of execution, but consumers are still angry that the EU is trying to restrict or ban products they have purchased and enjoyed for many years.
(8) The effect of menthol on Ca channel current inactivation was studied in identified Helix neurons.
(9) Since, in equal concentrations, menthol specifically impairs neuronal calcium currents, the results are consistent with the conjecture that in cold receptors, menthol reduces the activation of a calcium-stimulated outward current by an impeding effect on a calcium conductance, thereby inducing depolarization and a modification of bursting behavior.
(10) Application of the specific calcium channel blocker menthol (0.2 mM) suppressed spontaneous activity, the effect becoming more prominent at higher temperatures.
(11) In contrast, lingual fibers and a different category of cortical units ('Type II') were extremely sensitive to menthol exposure.
(12) TEST and TEST-menthol SSCSs produced negative results in all 5 bacterial strains, both with and without metabolic activation.
(13) The specificity of the Ca2(+)-channel blocking effect of menthol was demonstrated in parallel studies using compounds with similar structures: menthone blocked Ca2+ channels with about half the potency of menthol, while cyclohexanol was without effect.
(14) Thus, a proposed third type of Ca current with transient activation and complete deactivation below -50 mV was either not present or not affected by menthol.
(15) TEST and TEST-menthol CSCs were nonmutagenic in all five bacterial strains, both with and without metabolic activation.
(16) The effect of l-menthol on the skin permeability of mannitol, cortisone or indomethacin was examined by an in vitro penetration technique with hairless mouse skin.
(17) Over a couple of pints, we cover all the big stuff: Victoria Beckham, rivers of blood, what it'll be like being deputy PM to Boris ("Boris needs me; he needs lightening up"), and the attempt to ban menthol cigarettes .
(18) The investigations were carried out with exogenous test substances (antipyrine, menthol and sulphadimidine) and by determination of D-glucaric acid excretion.
(19) No significant association was observed between either short-term (1-14 years) or long-term (15+ years) menthol use and lung cancer in logistic regression analyses adjusting for covariates.
(20) In the second study EtOH or a placebo was administered at 1530 across three days also in the presence of menthol.