(n.) An albuminoid substance which occurs in minute grains ("protein granules") in maturing seeds and tubers; -- supposed to be a modification of protoplasm.
Example Sentences:
(1) Water stress inhibits the gibberellic acid (GA(3))-induced synthesis of alpha-amylase in aleurone layers of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).
(2) Northern blot analyses indicated that related transcripts are present in aleurones, coleoptiles, endosperms, internodes, leaves, ovules, roots and root tips, with highest levels of expression in the aleurones and endosperms.
(3) We show that P is required for accumulation in the pericarp of transcripts of two genes (A1 and C2) encoding enzymes for flavonoid biosynthesis--genes also regulated by C1 in the aleurone.
(4) We anticipate that perception of GA by aleurone cells involves an interaction between the ligand and specific receptors and that this event leads to the observed stimulation in transcription of alpha-amylase, and probably other, aleurone genes.
(5) In the aleurone cells, the cytoplasm and the outer portion of the wall are autofluorescent; tannic acid-ferric chloride stains the outer portion of the wall and allows to see clearly the inner thickenings, DAPI and haematoxylin demonstrate the presence of the nucleus.
(6) Polyadenylated mRNA was purified from the aleurone cells of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar) seeds germinated for 18 h and used for the construction of a cDNA library.
(7) DNA mobility-shift during electrophoresis indicated that a 500-base-pair sequence (HS500) of a rice alpha-amylase genomic clone (OSamy-a) specifically interacted with a factor from gibberellin-induced rice aleurone tissue.
(8) After 4-6 h of treatment, GA3 induced a sustained increase in [Ca2+]i from 50 to 150 nM in aleurone protoplasts.
(9) VFA concentrations in hepatic portal venous plasma were proportional to caecal concentrations with very high (greater than 3 mM) values being recorded in the aleurone group.
(10) AMY1-1-AMY1-4 are indistinguishable from malt AMY1 with respect to Ca(2+)-, substrate-, and beta-cyclodextrin-binding as well as recognition by three monoclonal antibodies and limited proteolysis by proteinase K. Transient AMY1 precursors present in barley aleurone protoplasts were trapped by addition of serine carboxypeptidase inhibitors, indicating that endogenous carboxypeptidase participates in the maturation of AMY1 during germination.
(11) In transient expression assays using barley aleurone protoplasts and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase as reporter the promoter of the isoenzyme I gene showed no response to GA3.
(12) Messenger RNAs encoding low- and high-pI alpha-amylase isozymes were detectable in both the embryo and aleurone and accumulated at different rates in each tissue.
(13) An earlier report (Baulcombe, D. C., and Buffard, D. (1983) Planta 157, 493-501) described the isolation of cDNA clones from mRNAs which are produced in increased amounts when aleurone layers of wheat are treated with gibberellic acid.
(14) Hormone binding assays with aleurone have not revealed a candidate receptor, and the only aspect of signal transduction that is becoming understood is the likely interaction between specific trans-acting factors and cis-elements in the GA-regulation of alpha-amylase gene transcription.
(15) The endonuclease activity of the aleurone tissue incubated with gibberellic acid is higher than the level of this endonuclease in tissue treated with abscisic acid or water alone.
(16) Water stress does not cause a marked decrease in the total RNA level of aleurone cells.
(17) The type A mRNAs are present in relatively large amounts in unstimulated aleurone cells and increase about 20-fold after stimulation with gibberellic acid.
(18) This ranking probably reflected the ease of fermentation of fibre polysaccharides by colonic bacteria which also resulted in a considerably higher faecal bacterial mass in the aleurone group.
(19) The addition of gibberellic acid to isolated aleurone layers of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) causes the production and secretion of four alpha-amylases.
(20) We have determined the nucleotide sequences of Amy32b, a type A alpha-amylase gene, and of the gene for aleurain, a thiol protease closely related to mammalian cathepsin H. Both are expressed in barley aleurone cells under control of the plant hormones gibberellic acid and abscisic acid, but only aleurain is expressed at high levels in other barley tissues.
Endosperm
Definition:
(n.) The albumen of a seed; -- limited by recent writers to that formed within the embryo sac.
Example Sentences:
(1) Previous attempts to purify this enzyme from the liquid endosperm of kernels of Zea mays (sweet corn) were not entirely successful owing to the lability of partially purified preparations during column chromatography.
(2) Analysis of a transposable, element-induced o2 allele, o2-m20, revealed that sectors of endosperm cells contained the nuclear-localized O2 protein, indicating excision of the transposable element.
(3) 3. beta-Sitosteryl linoleate is the major sterol ester of the scutellum and endosperm.
(4) Northern blot analyses indicated that related transcripts are present in aleurones, coleoptiles, endosperms, internodes, leaves, ovules, roots and root tips, with highest levels of expression in the aleurones and endosperms.
(5) However, unlike animal cell calmodulin, endosperm calmodulin appears to associate with kinetochore microtubules throughout mitosis, which suggests a specialized role for higher plant calmodulin in the regulation of kinetochore microtubule dynamics.
(6) The endosperm cells of the American basswood Tilia americana are favorable experimental material for investigating the birefringence of living plant spindles and anaphase movement of chromosomes.
(7) It was found that these groups represent varying amounts of transcripts that range from 2 to 20% of the total endosperm mRNA population.
(8) The enzymes are likely to function in the depolymerization of cell wall arabinoxylans during mobilization of the starchy endosperm.
(9) A 216 bp promoter fragment of the 19 kDa protein zein gene pMS1, containing the CCAAT and TATA boxes, was analysed by a variety of techniques for in vitro interactions with nuclear proteins from endosperm tissue.
(10) Serum antibodies from the maize-fed mice, immunized with either alpha-zein or maize glutelin, showed even labelling of the major maize endosperm proteins while antibodies from mice on the wheat diet showed strong labelling of the Mr 27,000 and 58,000 bands.
(11) The physical parameters tested were: test weight (TW), endosperm texture (TE), pearling index (IP), 1000 kernel wt (W 1000), infrared reflectance (NIR) and color (Ref).
(12) The objectives of this paper were: to classify 24 modern hybrids of early corn according to endosperm texture and to determine their physical and chemical properties and their relationships.
(13) Thionin concentration in mature endosperm of barley cv.
(14) Ultrastructural studies showed that gamma-zein occurs in high concentrations in the first few subaleurone cells of nonmodified endosperms, but high concentrations of gamma-zein occur in the subaleurone and central endosperm cells of modified opaque-2 mutants.
(15) Glb2 transcripts are found only in the developing embryo, and not in endosperm, seedling, or unfertilized ears.
(16) Blocks of embedded caryopses were sectioned, exposing the endosperm tissue, and stained with iodine potassium iodide (IKI) and Calcofluor White.
(17) The kinetics of [35S]methionine incorporation into the major organelle fractions of 3-day-old endosperm tissue showed that the endoplasmic reticulum was immediately labelled, whereas a lag period preceded the labelling of mitochondria and glyoxysomes.
(18) DHPS mRNAs complementary to the cDNA were detected in RNA isolated from developing maize endosperm and embryo tissues.
(19) Pretreatment of intact castor bean endosperm tissue with tunicamycin partially inhibits the cotranslational core glycosylation step and results in the accumulation of a single sized unglycosylated precursor polypeptide of relative molecular mass 59 000.
(20) With the Ph and D methods it was difficult to distinguish between corn with hard, intermediate and soft texture endosperm.