What's the difference between apocynin and phenol?
Apocynin
Definition:
(n.) A bitter principle obtained from the dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum).
Example Sentences:
(1) We show here that continuous administration of apocynin via the drinking water prevents the formation of ulcerative lesions in the inflamed skin.
(2) Apocynin is a constituent of root extracts of the medicinal herb Picrorhiza kurroa and has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties.
(3) Apocynin concentration-dependently inhibited the formation of thromboxane A2, whereas the release of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha was stimulated.
(4) Apocynin is an effective and selective inhibitor of the neutrophil oxidative burst in vitro.
(5) Peroxidase deficient cells are insensitive to apocynin.
(6) We investigated the effects of apocynin on the production of arachidonic acid-derived inflammatory mediators by guinea pig pulmonary macrophages.
(7) To elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of ELAM-1 on endothelial cells, we investigated the effect of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone), on ELAM-1 mRNA expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) by Northern blot analysis.
(8) Apocynin potently inhibited arachidonic acid-induced aggregation of bovine platelets, possibly through inhibition of thromboxane formation.
(9) Collagen-immunized rats were treated with different doses of apocynin in the drinking water starting at the onset of joint-swelling and terminating 14 days later, at the time when joint swelling in the control group was maximal.
(10) When rats were treated orally with low doses of apocynin the severity of collagen-induced arthritis was significantly reduced, pointing at a role of oxyradicals in the induction of this disease.
(11) Apocynin-treated animals had a normal plasma level of collagen-specific antibodies, but showed a significant reduction of the joint swelling.
(12) In the present study the antiinflammatory activity of apocynin was tested in collagen-induced arthritis in rats.
(13) The plant-phenol 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone (trivial name apocynin) is a strong inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide anion (O2-) release in vitro.
(14) Apocynin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone) is a potent and selective inhibitor of neutrophil oxyradical production.
(15) Methylated catechols like apocynin selectively inhibits neutrophil superoxide production without significant side-effects.
(16) These properties make apocynin a potential anti-inflammatory agent in vivo.
(17) Other neutrophil functions, tested in vitro, such as chemotaxis, exocytosis, phagocytosis and intracellular killing of bacteria are unaffected by apocynin.
(18) Apocynin downregulated both LPS- and PMA-induced ELAM-1 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner.
(19) The present results suggest that apocynin might, beside its therapeutic effects in inflammatory conditions when given in a root extract of P. kurroa, also be a valuable tool in the development of new anti-inflammatory or anti-thrombic drugs.
(20) No flare-up of joint swelling after termination of the treatment was observed in the apocynin-treated groups.
Phenol
Definition:
(n.) A white or pinkish crystalline substance, C6H5OH, produced by the destructive distillation of many organic bodies, as wood, coal, etc., and obtained from the heavy oil from coal tar.
(n.) Any one of the series of hydroxyl derivatives of which phenol proper is the type.
Example Sentences:
(1) The teeth were embedded in phenolic rings with acrylic resin.
(2) The presence of the expected C19 neutral and C18 phenolic steroids was confirmed.
(3) The effect of mycobacterial phenolic glycolipids from Mycobacterium leprae, M. bovis BCG, and M. kansasii on in vitro proliferative responses by human blood mononuclear cells from healthy BCG vaccinees was investigated.
(4) The chemistry involved reaction rate constant measurements of MSF hydrolysis and for reactions with phenolic, amine, oxime, hydroxamic acid, phenyl N-hydroxycarbamate, and hydroxylamine compounds and cupric imidazole and bipyridyl complexes.
(5) In the liver, the major site of benzene metabolism, benzene is converted by a cytochrome P-450-mediated pathway to phenol, the major metabolite, and the secondary metabolites, hydroquinone and catechol.
(6) Except in the case of the phenolic metabolite, structures were confirmed by direct comparison of electron impact mass spectra and chromatographic behaviour with those of authentic samples.
(7) It may be concluded that phenolization of the sympathetic nervous system provides the same results as surgical sympathectomy but has the advantage of lower morbidity and shorter hospitalization (24 h vs 10 days).
(8) It was hypothesized that the observed activity variation of the paracetamol analogues was based on the relative abilities of these compounds to undergo H atom loss at the phenolic oxygen, and on the relative stabilities of the resulting free-radical species.
(9) Lipopolysaccharide content correlated significantly with drug uptake and sensitivity, and it appeared to determine the degree of penetration of the cell envelope by these chlorinated phenols.
(10) Liberation of the polysaccharides from the carrier by treatment with aqueous phenol resulted in loss of the serological activity.
(11) Here we report that phenol hydroxylation to hydroquinone is also catalyzed by human myeloperoxidase in the presence of a superoxide anion radical generating system, hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase.
(12) The 2-substituted phenoxy-6-methoxy-8-aminoquinolines (4-6) were afforded by reduction of the corresponding 8-nitroquinolines (1-3) which were obtained by condensation of 2-chloro-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline and substituted phenols.
(13) This report reviews the treatment of pilonidal sinus by phenol injection in 54 patients.
(14) One group of rats was made immunocompetent towards P. aeruginosa by intraperitoneal injection of phenol-killed P. aeruginosa while a second group remained naive to this organism.
(15) These data indicate that the phenolic hydroxyl groups of xanthomegnin might contribute to its uncoupling action on the oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria.
(16) The coupled dienone-phenol re-arrangement and keto-enol tautomerism of this quinone methide produce the observed 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde.
(17) The phenol metabolites benzoquinone and 1,2,4-benzenetriol both activated the glutathione transferase in microsomes 2-fold independently of added NADPH.
(18) The isolation of plant enzymes is frequently hampered by the presence of phenolic compounds, pigments and mucilages.
(19) An enzyme (EC 2.8.2.1) that catalyses the transfer of sulphate from adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate to phenols was purified approx.
(20) Physico-chemical parameters of membranes of skeletal muscles' sarcoplasmic reticulum in antioxidant insufficiency, which was modelled by excluding alpha-tocopherol from the animals ration, and after treatment with phenol antioxidant ionol were studied.