What's the difference between certain and particular?

Certain


Definition:

  • (a.) Assured in mind; having no doubts; free from suspicions concerning.
  • (a.) Determined; resolved; -- used with an infinitive.
  • (a.) Not to be doubted or denied; established as a fact.
  • (a.) Actually existing; sure to happen; inevitable.
  • (a.) Unfailing; infallible.
  • (a.) Fixed or stated; regular; determinate.
  • (a.) Not specifically named; indeterminate; indefinite; one or some; -- sometimes used independenty as a noun, and meaning certain persons.
  • (n.) Certainty.
  • (n.) A certain number or quantity.
  • (adv.) Certainly.

Example Sentences:

  • (1) One hour after direct mechanical cardiomassage (DMCM) a moderately pronounced edema of the intercellular spaces in the basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium, normal content of lactate and succinate dehydrogenases, and a certain decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases and NAD- and NADP-diaphorases were noted.
  • (2) Work on humoral responses has focused on lysozyme, the hemagglutinins (especially in the oyster), and the clearance of certain antigens.
  • (3) Stress is laid on certain principles of diagnostic research in the event of extra-suprarenal pheochromocytomas.
  • (4) As a group, the three mammalian proteins resemble bovine serum conglutinin and behave as lectins with rather broad sugar specificities directed at certain non-reducing terminal N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, glucose and fucose residues, but with subtle differences in fine specificities.
  • (5) A segment of vas deferens was transplanted to the contralateral deferens with the intention of improving treatment for certain cases of infertility caused by obstruction.
  • (6) hypoglossal nucleus), whereas in other areas the angiotensinogen gene was expressed only in a certain population of glial cells.
  • (7) The following conclusions emerge: (i) when the 3' or the 3' penultimate base of the oligonucleotide mismatched an allele, no amplification product could be detected; (ii) when the mismatches were 3 and 4 bases from the 3' end of the primer, differential amplification was still observed, but only at certain concentrations of magnesium chloride; (iii) the mismatched allele can be detected in the presence of a 40-fold excess of the matched allele; (iv) primers as short as 13 nucleotides were effective; and (v) the specificity of the amplification could be overwhelmed by greatly increasing the concentration of target DNA.
  • (8) Certainly, Saunders did not land a single blow that threatened to stop his opponent, although he took quite a few himself that threatened his titles in the final few rounds.
  • (9) We present a mathematical model that is suitable to reconcile this apparent contradiction in the interpretation of the epidemiological data: the observed parallel time series for the spread of AIDS in groups with different risk of infection can be realized by computer simulation, if one assumes that the outbreak of full-blown AIDS only occurs if HIV and a certain infectious coagent (cofactor) CO are present.
  • (10) HDAra-C in combination with anthracyclines is now considered to be a treatment which may afford some hope of a cure in a certain percentage of cases of adult acute non-lymphocytic leukemia.
  • (11) These results suggest that a certain minimum level of expression of c-myc is required for the maintenance of ras transformation in NIH 3T3 cells.
  • (12) This "paradox of redistribution" was certainly observable in Britain, where Welfare retained its status as one of the 20th century's most exalted creations, even while those claiming benefits were treated with ever greater contempt.
  • (13) In certain cases, the effects of these substances are enhanced, in others, they are inhibited by compounds that were isolated from natural sources or prepared by chemical synthesis.
  • (14) Accumulating evidence indicates that for most tumors, the switch to the angiogenic phenotype depends upon the outcome of a balance between angiogenic stimulators and angiogenic inhibitors, both of which may be produced by tumor cells and perhaps by certain host cells.
  • (15) The findings indicate that these spaces were lined by a lipid monolayer which formed bilayered lamellae under certain conditions.
  • (16) Positive feedback effects on serum gonadotrophins in castrates were observed following injection of certain doses of some steroids.
  • (17) Hence, presence of IgG rheumatoid factor correlated positively with the presence of rheumatoid disease, and evidence was established that certain features of rheumatoid inflammation occur in dental periapical lesions of many patients with rheumatoid disease.
  • (18) The typology developed in two previous surveys of illicit heroin products is applicable to many of the samples studied in this work, although significant changes have occurred in the chemical profile of illicit heroin products from certain geographical regions.
  • (19) The presence of an inverse correlation between certain tryptophan metabolites, shown previously to be bladder carcinogens, and the N-nitrosamine content, especially after loading, was interpreted in view of the possible conversion of some tryptophan metabolites into N-nitrosamines either under endovesical conditions or during the execution of the colorimetric determination of these compounds.
  • (20) An electrogenic sodium-potassium pump appears to contribute materially to the steady-state potential and to certain of the transient potential responses of vascular smooth muscle.

Particular


Definition:

  • (a.) Relating to a part or portion of anything; concerning a part separated from the whole or from others of the class; separate; sole; single; individual; specific; as, the particular stars of a constellation.
  • (a.) Of or pertaining to a single person, class, or thing; belonging to one only; not general; not common; hence, personal; peculiar; singular.
  • (a.) Separate or distinct by reason of superiority; distinguished; important; noteworthy; unusual; special; as, he brought no particular news; she was the particular belle of the party.
  • (a.) Concerned with, or attentive to, details; minute; circumstantial; precise; as, a full and particular account of an accident; hence, nice; fastidious; as, a man particular in his dress.
  • (a.) Containing a part only; limited; as, a particular estate, or one precedent to an estate in remainder.
  • (a.) Holding a particular estate; as, a particular tenant.
  • (a.) Forming a part of a genus; relatively limited in extension; affirmed or denied of a part of a subject; as, a particular proposition; -- opposed to universal: e. g. (particular affirmative) Some men are wise; (particular negative) Some men are not wise.
  • (n.) A separate or distinct member of a class, or part of a whole; an individual fact, point, circumstance, detail, or item, which may be considered separately; as, the particulars of a story.
  • (n.) Special or personal peculiarity, trait, or character; individuality; interest, etc.
  • (n.) One of the details or items of grounds of claim; -- usually in the pl.; also, a bill of particulars; a minute account; as, a particular of premises.

Example Sentences:

  • (1) This particular variant of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by the presence of subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules, scanty or absent systemic manifestations and a clinically benign course.
  • (2) Serum levels of both dihydralazine and metabolites were very low and particularly below the detection limit.
  • (3) report the complications registered, in particular: lead's displacing 6.2%, run away 0.7%, marked hyperthermya 0.0%, haemorrage 0.4%, wound dehiscence 0.3%, asectic necrosis by decubitus 5%, septic necrosis 0.3%, perforation of the heart 0.2%, pulmonary embolism 0.1%.
  • (4) A diplomatic source said the killing appeared particularly unusual because of Farooq lack of recent political activity: "He was lying low in the past two years.
  • (5) The origins of aging of higher forms of life, particularly humans, is presented as the consequence of an evolved balance between 4 specific kinds of dysfunction-producing events and 4 kinds of evolved counteracting effects in long-lived forms.
  • (6) Their particular electrophoretic mobility was retained.
  • (7) Other articles in the series will look at particular legal problems in the dental specialties.
  • (8) Of course the job is not done and we will continue to remain vigilant to all risks, particularly when the global economic situation is so uncertain,” the chancellor said in a statement.
  • (9) Angle closure glaucoma is a well-known complication of scleral buckling and it is of particular interest when it occurs in eyes with previously normal angles.
  • (10) Linear and annular gap junctions between neighbouring cells were present, particularly in Group 1.
  • (11) Topical and systemic antibiotic therapy is common in dermatology, yet it is hard to find a rationale for a particular route in some diseases.
  • (12) While stereology is the principal technique, particularly in its application to the parenchyma, other compartments such as the airways and vasculature demand modifications or different methods altogether.
  • (13) The dog and the pig also have an endoperoxide-sensitive constrictor system activated by the 11,9-(epoxymethano) analogue of PGH2 and, of particular note, ICI 79939 and its 11-oxo analogue.
  • (14) Total cholesterol levels are elevated, particularly in hypopituitary women.
  • (15) Anaerobes, in particular Bacteroides spp., are the predominant bacteria present in mixed intra-abdominal infections, yet their critical importance in the pathogenicity of these infections is not clearly defined.
  • (16) Over the past decade the use of monoclonal antibodies has greatly advanced our knowledge of the biological properties and heterogeneity that exist within human tumours, and in particular in lung cancer.
  • (17) In particular, inflammatory reaction was significantly more frequent and severe in ischemic groups than in controls, independent of the degree of coronary stenosis.
  • (18) Symptoms, particularly colicky abdominal pain, improved during the period of chelation therapy.
  • (19) In addition to the phase diagrams reported here for these two binary mixtures, a brief theoretical discussion is given of other possible phase diagrams that may be appropriate to other lipid mixtures with particular consideration given to the problem of crystalline phases of different structures and the possible occurrence of second-order phase transitions in these mixtures.
  • (20) These are particularly common in the field of sport.

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