(n.) A certain property of a body, expressed as a measurable quantity, such that when there is no communication of heat the quantity remains constant, but when heat enters or leaves the body the quantity increases or diminishes. If a small amount, h, of heat enters the body when its temperature is t in the thermodynamic scale the entropy of the body is increased by h / t. The entropy is regarded as measured from some standard temperature and pressure. Sometimes called the thermodynamic function.
Example Sentences:
(1) This formalism allows resolution of the intrinsic protein folding-unfolding parameters (enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity changes) as well as the ligand interaction parameters (binding stoichiometry, enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity changes).
(2) Dictated by underlying physicochemical constraints, deceived at times by the lulling tones of the siren entropy, and constantly vulnerable to the vagaries of other more pervasive forms of biological networking and information transfer encoded in the genes of virus and invading microorganisms, protein biorecognition in higher life forms, and particularly in mammals, represents the finely tuned molecular avenues for the genome to transfer its information to the next generation.
(3) The Skilling maximum entropy method (MEM) algorithm is applied to in vivo spectra and provides an estimate of the spectrum that is operator-independent, although at the expense of some negative bias.
(4) The changes in E degrees' and the standard entropy (delta S degrees') and enthalpy (delta H degrees') of reduction in the mutant proteins were determined relative to values for wild type; the change in E degrees' at 25 degrees C was about -200 millivolts for the Glu and Asp mutants, and about -80 millivolts for the Asn mutant.
(5) It is shown that the invariant integral, viz., the Kolmogorov second entropy, is eminently suited to characterize EEG quantitatively.
(6) The thermodynamic quantities of change in free energy (delta G degree'), change in enthalpy (delta H degree') and change in entropy (delta S degree') were determined for the interaction of norepinephrine with the alpha-1 adrenoceptor of vascular smooth muscle.
(7) This paper is concerned with the connection between two classes of population variables: measures of population growth rate--the Malthusian parameter, the net reproduction rate, the gross reproduction rate, and the mean life expectancy; and measures of demographic heterogeneity--population entropy.
(8) Recent studies from this laboratory reveal distinct differences in the thermodynamic binding mechanisms between m-AMSA and o-AMSA (Wadkins & Graves, 1989), with the m-AMSA-DNA interaction being an enthalpy-driven process while the binding of o-AMSA to DNA is characterized by more positive entropy values.
(9) Such replacements are presumed to restrict the degrees of freedom of the unfolded protein and so decrease the entropy of unfolding [B. W. Matthews, H. Nicholson, and W. J. Becktel (1987) Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA Vol.
(10) The overall enthalpy change is negative and the overall entropy change is positive for the simultaneous binding of AMP-PNP and L-glutamate or of AMP-PNP and L-Met-(S)-sulfoximine to the enzyme.
(11) The part of entropy depending on the number of elements of the system (cells, individuals, etc.)
(12) 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of free calmodulin; the latter is even more entropy driven (delta H0 = 7.2 kJ X site-1; delta S0 = 158 J X K-1 X site-1) than binding to free calmodulin (delta H0 = 4.7 kJ X site-1; delta S0 = 112 J X K-1 X site-1), thus underlining the importance of hydrophobic forces in the free energy coupling involved in the ternary complex.
(13) Thus, Ca2+ binding to the Ca2+-Mg2+ sites is driven by both enthalpy and entropy and the lower Ca2+ affinity for sites 3 and 4 is reflected in the lower entropy of Ca2+-binding.
(14) This paper presents a unified account of the properties of the measures, Malthusian parameter and entropy in predicting evolutionary change in populations of macromolecules, cells and individuals.
(15) The model stresses that solutes do not act at a single site, but on both states in an equilibrium, and that the perturbation is determined by the difference in entropy.
(16) The "entropy potential" of the membrane may have its molecular origin in the excitation of the hydrocarbon chains to a more disordered configuration and may play a more important role in membrane partition equilibria than the classical hydrophobic effect.
(17) The entropy of activation of kcat for the human enzyme was further decomposed into partially compensating electrostatic(es) (delta S*es = +15.1 cal mol-1 K-1) and nonelectrostatic(nes) (delta S*nes = -19.1 cal mol-1 K-1) terms.
(18) Basic free energy level differences are related to the first-order rate constants for transitions between states while gross free energy differences, along with the corresponding fluxes, determine the rate of entropy production in the system.
(19) Their high-affinity binding component was entropy driven at 2 degrees C and became enthalpy driven when the incubation temperature was increased.
(20) As far as information in nervous systems is connected with an element of energy normalization that is much greater than the scales of molecular energy of single atoms, physical and information self-organization can simultaneously either correlate or be sufficiently independent, because entropy corresponds to statically unstable point, with its output being natural in different ways.
Work
Definition:
(n.) Exertion of strength or faculties; physical or intellectual effort directed to an end; industrial activity; toil; employment; sometimes, specifically, physically labor.
(n.) The matter on which one is at work; that upon which one spends labor; material for working upon; subject of exertion; the thing occupying one; business; duty; as, to take up one's work; to drop one's work.
(n.) That which is produced as the result of labor; anything accomplished by exertion or toil; product; performance; fabric; manufacture; in a more general sense, act, deed, service, effect, result, achievement, feat.
(n.) Specifically: (a) That which is produced by mental labor; a composition; a book; as, a work, or the works, of Addison. (b) Flowers, figures, or the like, wrought with the needle; embroidery.
(n.) Structures in civil, military, or naval engineering, as docks, bridges, embankments, trenches, fortifications, and the like; also, the structures and grounds of a manufacturing establishment; as, iron works; locomotive works; gas works.
(n.) The moving parts of a mechanism; as, the works of a watch.
(n.) Manner of working; management; treatment; as, unskillful work spoiled the effect.
(n.) The causing of motion against a resisting force. The amount of work is proportioned to, and is measured by, the product of the force into the amount of motion along the direction of the force. See Conservation of energy, under Conservation, Unit of work, under Unit, also Foot pound, Horse power, Poundal, and Erg.
(n.) Ore before it is dressed.
(n.) Performance of moral duties; righteous conduct.
(n.) To exert one's self for a purpose; to put forth effort for the attainment of an object; to labor; to be engaged in the performance of a task, a duty, or the like.
(n.) Hence, in a general sense, to operate; to act; to perform; as, a machine works well.
(n.) Hence, figuratively, to be effective; to have effect or influence; to conduce.
(n.) To carry on business; to be engaged or employed customarily; to perform the part of a laborer; to labor; to toil.
(n.) To be in a state of severe exertion, or as if in such a state; to be tossed or agitated; to move heavily; to strain; to labor; as, a ship works in a heavy sea.
(n.) To make one's way slowly and with difficulty; to move or penetrate laboriously; to proceed with effort; -- with a following preposition, as down, out, into, up, through, and the like; as, scheme works out by degrees; to work into the earth.
(n.) To ferment, as a liquid.
(n.) To act or operate on the stomach and bowels, as a cathartic.
(v. t.) To labor or operate upon; to give exertion and effort to; to prepare for use, or to utilize, by labor.
(v. t.) To produce or form by labor; to bring forth by exertion or toil; to accomplish; to originate; to effect; as, to work wood or iron into a form desired, or into a utensil; to work cotton or wool into cloth.
(v. t.) To produce by slow degrees, or as if laboriously; to bring gradually into any state by action or motion.
(v. t.) To influence by acting upon; to prevail upon; to manage; to lead.
(v. t.) To form with a needle and thread or yarn; especially, to embroider; as, to work muslin.
(v. t.) To set in motion or action; to direct the action of; to keep at work; to govern; to manage; as, to work a machine.
(v. t.) To cause to ferment, as liquor.
Example Sentences:
(1) A group of interested medical personnel has been identified which has begun to work together.
(2) This may have significant consequences for people’s health.” However, Prof Peter Weissberg, medical director of the British Heart Foundation, which funded the work, said medical journals could no longer be relied on to be unbiased.
(3) Van Persie's knee injury meant that Mata could work in tandem with the delightfully nimble Kagawa, starting for the first time since 22 January.
(4) PMS is more prevalent among women working outside the home, alcoholics, women of high parity, and women with toxemic tendency; it probably runs in families.
(5) The issue of the Schizophrenia Bulletin is devoted to articles representing this full range of conceptual and empirical work on first-episode psychosis.
(6) Until his return to Brazil in 1985, Niemeyer worked in Israel, France and north Africa, designing among other buildings the University of Haifa on Mount Carmel; the campus of Constantine University in Algeria (now known as Mentouri University); the offices of the French Communist party and their newspaper l'Humanité in Paris; and the ministry of external relations and the cathedral in Brasilia.
(7) I'm not sure Tolstoy ever worked out how he actually felt about love and desire, or how he should feel about it.
(8) Not only do they give employers no reason to turn them into proper jobs, but mini-jobs offer workers little incentive to work more because then they would have to pay tax.
(9) Work on humoral responses has focused on lysozyme, the hemagglutinins (especially in the oyster), and the clearance of certain antigens.
(10) His son, Karim Makarius, opened the gallery to display some of the legacy bequeathed to him by his father in 2009, as well as the work of other Argentine photographers and artists – currently images by contemporary photographer Facundo de Zuviria are also on show.
(11) However, the groups often paused less and responded faster than individual rats working under identical conditions.
(12) They spend about 4.3 minutes of each working hour on a smoking break, the study shows.
(13) One of the main users is coastal planning organizations and conservation organizations that are working on coral reefs.
(14) DI James Faulkner of Great Manchester police said: “The men and women working in the factory have told us that they were subjected to physical and verbal assaults at the hands of their employers and forced to work more than 80-hours before ending up with around £25 for their week’s work.
(15) Diagnostic work-up and management of intracranial arachnoid cysts are still controversial.
(16) The very young history of clinical Psychology is demonstrating the value of clinical Psychologist in the socialistic healthy work and the international important positions of special education to psychological specialist of medicine.
(17) Descriptive features of the syndrome in children, adults and adolescents are given based on the respective work of Pine, Masterson and Kernberg.
(18) We report a case of a sudden death in a SCUBA diver working at a water treatment facility.
(19) Of the five committees asked to develop bills, four have completed their work, and the Senate Finance Committee announced today that it will move forward next week.
(20) On the other hand, as a cross-reference experiment, we developed a paper work test to do in the same way as on the VDT.