(1) At saturating concentrations of ER, plasmids bearing one, two, and four EREs in tandem bound approximately one, two, and four dimeric ER molecules, respectively.
(2) Interestingly, each of these fragments had a perfect palindromic estrogen responsive element (ERE) (GGT-CANNNTGACC).
(3) These data suggest that flanking DNA sequences may exert a significant effect on the activity of EREs as hormone-dependent transcription activators.
(4) In 11 spontaneously breathing patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in acute ventilatory failure, we measured the total inspiratory (WItot) and total resistive (WI + Eres) work rate of breathing, together with lung mechanics (dynamic pulmonary elastance and inspiratory and expiratory pulmonary flow resistance).
(5) This element binds to the estrogen receptor in vitro as assessed by gel retardation assay similar to the vitellogenin gene ERE.
(6) The two polypeptides are different as judged by peptide mapping, and only the 85-kDa polypeptide can be cross-linked to the bromodeoxyuridine-substituted synthetic ERE by UV irradiation.
(7) Two methods have been suggested for the calculation of pHapp and the loss of activity on particle preparation, these methods are based on the use of the ERE in conjunction with experimental data.
(8) These results suggest that the ability of ER and TR to functionally discriminate between an ERE and a TRE is a result of dimerization of their DBDs.
(9) The presence of the biologically active hER is confirmed in co-injection experiments, in which HEO is co-introduced with a CAT reporter gene under the control of a vitellogenin promoter containing or lacking the ERE.
(10) Gene transfer experiments using estrogen-responsive cells have shown that the 13 bp perfect palindromic element GGTCACTGTGACC found upstream of the Xenopus laevis vitellogenin gene A2 promoter mediates hormonal stimulation and thus, was called the estrogen-responsive element (ERE).
(11) The ovalbumin promoter half-palindromic ERE motif located close to the TATA box was required for the activity of the distal DH3 ERE, but could be replaced by the binding sites of other transactivators.
(12) The equilibrium constant for the redox equilibration of fatty acid synthase in a glutathione redox buffer is 15 mM (Ered + GSSG in equilibrium Eox + 2GSH).
(13) When sequenced, these elements showed remarkable diversity and were different from the consensus vitellogenin A2 ERE.
(14) However at 32 degrees C Ta, there was an increase in rectal temperature in response to haloperidol application; this hyperthermia was due to a decrease in both the ear blood flow and respiratory evaporative heat loss (Eres).
(15) The affinity of estradiol binding to receptors was reduced only 2- and 5-fold, respectively, in the double and quadruple Cys to Ala mutants, and estradiol was an effective stimulator of transcription from an estrogen-responsive reporter gene [(ERE)2-TATA-CAT].
(16) A stimulatory estrogen response element (ERE) was localized to a 32-bp region between -547 and -516 bp.
(17) In these genes, two ERE homologues, which have only low, if any, regulatory capacity on their own, act synergistically to achieve high estrogen inducibility.
(18) "Gnnmph, I can't 'ave it 'ere, I 'aven't 'ad my enema," wails a labouring housewife, straining fruitlessly on a communal tenement bog as horrified neighbours look on in their rollers.
(19) This ERE also mediated down-regulation by progestins in the presence of the progesterone receptor, even though it has no progesterone receptor binding ability.
(20) This 67 bp region contains a consensus for the core sequence of the glucocorticoid responsive element (GRE) and the estrogen responsive element (ERE).
Erke
Definition:
(a.) ASlothful.
Example Sentences:
(1) PK46 and PK42 comigrated with proteins that reacted with antibodies against extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs).
(2) Activation of the ERKs requires both threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation suggestive of a key role in mediating intracellular events in response to extracellular cues.
(3) Expression of oncogenic ras in PC12 cells causes neuronal differentiation and sustained protein tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), p42erk2 and p44erk1.
(4) We now describe cloning and characterization of two ERK1-related kinases, ERK2 and ERK3, and provide evidence suggesting that there are additional ERK family members.
(5) Bacterial expression of mouse gene Erk-1 yielded an active kinase with the same substrate specificity shown for ERK1 protein purified from rat cells.
(6) The bt-Erk-1 protein also had the capacity to reactivate the ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6KII).
(7) In this communication we describe assays utilizing the Erk-1 protein fused to glutathione S-transferase that permit the identification of protein kinase(s) that phosphorylate and activate the myelin basic protein kinase activity encoded by the Erk-1 gene.
(8) These results indicate that ERKs mediate signal transduction by ET.
(9) Because both Ras and the microtubule-associated protein 2 kinases ERK1 and ERK2 have been implicated in events that lead to neurite outgrowth, we explored the possibility that Ras and ERKs may lie on the same signaling pathway.
(10) Chromosomes have been manipulated within mitotic human embryonic lung, ERK, and HeLa cells.
(11) The antibodies detect ERKs in cell lines from multiple species, including human, mouse, dog, chicken, and frog, in addition to rat, indicating that the kinases are conserved across species.
(12) The antibodies recognize both ERK1; a closely related kinase, ERK2; and a third novel ERK-related protein.
(13) Reactivity with anti-ERK-1 antibodies was observed only in the precipitate of chemoattractant-stimulated cells.
(14) Oncogenic N-ras-induced neuronal differentiation is inhibited by compounds that block ERK protein tyrosine phosphorylation or ERK activity, indicating that ERKs are not only activated by p21ras but serve as the primary downstream effectors of p21ras.
(15) Treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor or fibroblast growth factor results in neuronal differentiation and in a sustained elevation of p21ras activity, of ERK activity, and of ERK tyrosine phosphorylation.
(16) The regulation of the Erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) gene-encoded protein kinase activity by reversible phosphorylation has been reported to involve either an activator of autophosphorylation or an upstream protein kinase.
(17) Here we show that interleukin-2 selectively stimulates the phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase but not the erk-encoded MAP kinases and rsk-encoded S6 kinases.
(18) Studies with cultured cells, Xenopus, and sea star oocytes have furthered our understanding of possible functions of Erks in vivo.
(19) Treatment of intact PC12 cells with bradykinin or NGF increased both the phosphorylation of TH-Ser31 in situ and the catalytic activity of ERKs (measured subsequently in vitro with myelin basic protein as substrate).
(20) Conversion of the tyrosine site of phosphorylation to phenylalanine yielded an Erk-1 gene product that could not be activated.