(n.) A kind of verbal noun, having only the four oblique cases of the singular number, and governing cases like a participle.
(n.) A verbal noun ending in -e, preceded by to and usually denoting purpose or end; -- called also the dative infinitive; as, "Ic haebbe mete to etanne" (I have meat to eat.) In Modern English the name has been applied to verbal or participal nouns in -ing denoting a transitive action; e. g., by throwing a stone.
Example Sentences:
(1) A gerund is a verb ending in -ing that acts as a noun: I like swimming, smoking is bad for you, and so on.
(2) A research on the acquisition of morphemes of plural, diminutive, augmentative, gerund, imperfect, and preterite with 109 Spanish children from 3 to 6 is reported.
(3) Thirty years on from the riots, one walks up Prince's Avenue, past what was the incinerated Rialto and the sign into Toxteth, and yet another sign promising imminent arrival into the "Regeneration Zone", and showing pictures of a perfect cereal-packet multiracial family, pristine modern houses and beautifully refurbished original stock – beneath which is the inevitable crass slogan that accompanies every corporate or political effort these days, always beginning with a pretentious gerund, in this case: "Creating neighbourhoods for the future".
(4) Four hundred and twenty-seven deaf students (age 10 to 19 years) and 60 hearing children (age eight to 10 years) judged the grammaticality of sample sentences which contained infinitival or gerundive complements.
(5) 7 Don't fear the gerund Geoffrey Willans and Ronald Searle's guide to life at St Custard's school , How to Be Topp, features a cartoon in which a gerund attacks some peaceful pronouns, but it is nothing to be afraid of.
None
Definition:
(a.) No one; not one; not anything; -- frequently used also partitively, or as a plural, not any.
(a.) No; not any; -- used adjectively before a vowel, in old style; as, thou shalt have none assurance of thy life.
(n.) Same as Nones, 2.
Example Sentences:
(1) None of the strains was found to be positive for cytotoxic enterotoxin in the GM1-ELISA.
(2) During and after the infusion of 5HTP, none of the patients showed an increase in anxiety or depressive symptoms, despite the presence of severe side effects.
(3) The PSB dioxygenase system displayed a narrow substrate range: none of 18 sulphonated or non-sulphonated analogues of PSB showed significant substrate-dependent O2 uptake.
(4) None of the other soft tissue layers-ameloblasts, stratum intermedium or dental follicle--immunostain for TGF-beta 1.
(5) Four patients with acute brucellosis are described, none of whom had any connexion with farming or milk industry, the source of infection being different in each case.
(6) None of the 4NQO- or 4HAQO-induced mutants is a multilocus deletion mutant.
(7) However, none of the nerve terminals making synaptic contacts with glomus cells exhibited SP-like immunoreactivity.
(8) Six of 7 SAO shock rats treated with U74006F survived for 120 min following reperfusion, while none of 7 SAO shock rats given the vehicle survived for 120 min (P less than .01).
(9) Although the relative contributions of different fuels varies greatly in different organisms, in none is there a simple reliance on stored ATP.
(10) None of the children in the study showed clinical symptoms of acquired subglottic stenosis before discharge from hospital, and none has been readmitted for this condition subsequently.
(11) Several investigators have attempted to correlate chromosomal abnormalities with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CLS), but none of them have been conclusive.
(12) None of the compounds proved active against the replication of retroviruses (human immunodeficiency virus, murine sarcoma virus) at concentrations that were not toxic to the host cells.
(13) None of the animals injected with either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells became overtly diabetic during the 30 days of observation whereas 8 of 23 mice inoculated with a mixture of the two subsets developed glycosuria and hyperglycemia.
(14) Of the other patients, four panicked with sodium lactate, none with 5% CO2, and one with room air hyperventilation.
(15) None of these were apparent on prior roentgenograms of the chest.
(16) One animal developed a lymphoma and none showed vesical tumors.
(17) Circulating acute phase protein concentrations rose in all subjects during a thirty hour period following injury but none of the subjects showed a detectable rise in circulating concentrations of TNF.
(18) None of these MAbs showed any virus-neutralizing activity in vitro; however, mice passively immunized with the purified MAbs were protected from lethal infection by the JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus.
(19) Utilization of the immunoglobulin system is based upon the supposition that in lymphoid neoplasms with clonal origin either all or none of the tumor cells should have surface-associated IgM and kappa-reactivities.
(20) None of the factors tested was found to have a statistically significant effect on embryo yield.