(v. t.) To bite, as something hard or tough, which is not readily separated or crushed; to bite off little by little, with effort; to wear or eat away by scraping or continuous biting with the teeth; to nibble at.
(v. t.) To bite in agony or rage.
(v. t.) To corrode; to fret away; to waste.
(v. i.) To use the teeth in biting; to bite with repeated effort, as in eating or removing with the teethsomething hard, unwiedly, or unmanageable.
Example Sentences:
(1) )-induced gnawing behavior in rats was slightly more potent than that of clocapramine.
(2) Gallic wine sales in the UK have been tumbling for the past 20 years, but the news that France, once the largest exporter to these shores, has slipped behind Australia, the United States, Italy and now South Africa will have producers gnawing their knuckles in frustration.
(3) This suggests that the locomotor stimulation induced by amphetamine involves central norepinephrine, while dopamine neurons play an important role in the induced compulsive gnawing behavior.
(4) The gnawing behavior is probably associated with the increase in brain dopamine resulting from this treatment.
(5) And those who preach or teach extremism, those who say we should not respect other Australians, those who seek to gnaw away at that social fabric, are not helping the Australian dream.
(6) The IT administration of THA, nicotine and cytisine was also associated with gnawing, vocalization and hyperactivity and in the case of THA, diarrhoea.
(7) Apomorphine-induced gnawing and licking but not sniffing were attenuated in rats with GP lesions.
(8) In control rats, SKF 38393 enhanced the stereotyped responses induced by quinpirole, converting lower-level stereotypies (sniffing and rearing) to more intense oral behaviors (licking and gnawing).
(9) Previous reports demonstrated that hypothalamic stimulation may elicit either eating, drinking, or gnawing and emphasized both the specificity of the neural circuits mediating these behaviors and the similarity to behavior during natural-drive states such as hunger and thirst.
(10) The thymoleptics imipramine, desipramine, protriptyline, nortriiptyline, chlorimipramine and amitriptyline all potentiate gnawing of mice induced by Dopa following decarboxylase inhibitior Ro 4-4602.
(11) This study was designed to assess whether phencyclidine (PCP) produces dopamine (DA)-dependent behaviors such as licking, gnawing and biting (which are not observed in normal rats) in rats after pretreatments with a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and specific serotonergic neuronal toxin, p-chloroamphetamine (PCA).
(12) In freely moving conditions, electrical brain stimulation (EBS) of this part of the mesencephalon elicited mainly aversive effects (escape reactions: violent running and explosive jumps), but also ipsiversive circling and "gnawing."
(13) In contrast, bilateral intranigral injection of the selective delta agonist D-Pen2,D-Pen5 enkephalin (DPDPE) elicited dose-dependent exploratory behavior and rearing but failed to produce gnawing.
(14) The specific D-2 agonist LY 171555 elicited yawning, genital grooming, exploratory behavior, downward sniffing and licking but failed to induce gnawing even at high doses.
(15) The behavior categories included grooming, yawning, turning, nodding and gnawing, as well as snout contact and nonsnout contact variants of locomoting, rearing and sitting.
(16) The big four supermarket chains are battling over the squeezed middle market which is being gnawed away by Waitrose at the top and the rapidly expanding discounters Aldi and Lidl at the bottom.
(17) In order to test the possibility that the substantia nigra (SN) might be involved, the amount of food intake and gnawing produced by mild tail pinch were assessed following bilateral microinjections of opioid antagonists into the SN.
(18) When B-HT 920 was combined with SKF 38393 following pretreatment with idazoxane, both the intensity and form (continual licking and gnawing) of stereotyped behavior was enhanced.
(19) The effects of clonidine, an indirectly-acting cholinergic antagonist, on 5 behaviors elicited by atropine (locomotion, rearing, sniffing, grooming and gnawing) were studied in rats.
(20) The sensory word descriptors (crushing, sharp, tearing, cutting, penetrating, gnawing, dull, pulling, sore, stinging, pricking and pinching) and the affective word descriptors (dreadful, torturing, killing, unbearable, terrifying, suffocating, exhausting, unhappy, troublesome, annoying, irritating and fearful) are suggested as a foundation upon which a pain assessment tool could be developed for use in clinical practice.
Rodent
Definition:
(v. t.) Gnawing; biting; corroding; (Med.) applied to a destructive variety of cancer or ulcer.
(v. t.) Gnawing.
(v. t.) Of or pertaining to the Rodentia.
(n.) One of the Rodentia.
Example Sentences:
(1) Intoxicating concentrations of ethanol also inhibit excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in hippocampal slices from adult rodents.
(2) This is the first clear example of activation of the K-ras gene by ethylating agents in a rodent lung tumor system.
(3) The relatively high incidence of nephroblastoma in the Nb rat using transplacentally administered ENU appears to represent a suitable basis for developing a rodent model of human nephroblastoma or Wilms' tumor.
(4) Male Sprague Dawley rats either trained (T, N = 9) for 11 wk on a rodent treadmill, remained sedentary, and were fed ad libitum (S, N = 8) or remained sedentary and were food restricted (pair fed, PF, N = 8) so that final body weights were similar to T. After training, T had significantly higher red gastrocnemius muscle citrate synthase activity compared with S and PF.
(5) This model of protective immunity in a Brugia-susceptible small rodent may provide a useful system for identification of molecularly defined filarial-protective immunogens.
(6) The receptor pattern observed in tumors does not support the hypothesis previously raised in the case of chemically induced colonic tumors in rodents.
(7) It is concluded that these rodent studies do not implicate any specific inhalational anesthetic agent in fetal toxicity, and that the effects of additional factors, such as stress, must be considered.
(8) In the course of routinely performed subchronic toxicity studies with laboratory rodents, functional neurotoxicity, i.e.
(9) Particularly striking is the distribution of CpG dinucleotides within human and rodent APRT genes.
(10) There was less of an increase following a blood meal infected with the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei.
(11) An analysis of 54 protein sequences from humans and rodents (mice or rats), with the chicken as an outgroup, indicates that, from the common ancestor of primates and rodents, 35 of the proteins have evolved faster in the lineage to mouse or rat (rodent lineage) whereas only 12 proteins have evolved faster in the lineage to humans (human lineage).
(12) The differences in immunoreactivity between rodent and human amyloid plaques are consistent with other findings showing that cellular genes, not infectious purified prions, encode PrP.
(13) These products, as well as several synthetic intermediates, were evaluated for antifilarial activity against Molinema dessetae either in vivo in its natural host, the rodent Proechimys oris, or in vitro by a new test using cultures of the infective larvae.
(14) An increased neuronal activity was obtained by exercising the rats in a commercial rodent treadmill a couple of hours per day for 14 days.
(15) In a series of experiments we found that 1) growth rates of hamsters offered the Lyric diet alone or in conjunction with the standard rodent diet exceeded those of hamsters offered only the standard rodent diet.
(16) A model system of exfoliated normal human cervicovaginal squamous cells, exfoliated rodent tumor cells, and acellular, viscous, mucuslike material was used to investigate cell deposition on smear preparations made with three different instruments: plastic spatulas, wooden spatulas, and brush-tipped collectors.
(17) With repeated administrations, rodents become increasingly sensitive to the stimulant properties of amphetamine, a phenomenon termed sensitization.
(18) Although the overall rate of thymidine incorporation was lower than that for rodent cells, human hepatocytes were sensitive to lower concentrations of these growth factors, and the degree of stimulation was similar.
(19) Daily cocaine injection into rodents produces a progressive increase in the motor stimulant effect of acute cocaine administration.
(20) Since PEG-1000 treatment of HPRT- Chinese hamster cells in the absence of human cells yielded no HPRT+ cells, it is concluded that the element responsible for the restoration of rodent HPRT was contributed by the human cells and not by the agent employed to promote fusion.