(adv.) Up to this time; hitherto; before; in time past.
Example Sentences:
(1) The heretofore "permanently and totally disabled versus able-bodied" principle in welfare reforms is being abbandoned.
(2) All cases heretofore described in immunocompromised hosts have involved the external auditory canal and mastoid areas.
(3) Heretofore, human tumor clonogenic assays or human glioma-bearing nude mice models were usually used for predicting the drug sensitivity of brain tumor.
(4) It is concluded that the heretofore pessimistic outlook regarding complete quadriplegia is unwarranted and that a more aggressive approach may result in a better functional outcome.
(5) Since basilar artery thrombosis is now a treatable condition, early diagnosis and documentation of functional deficits moves into a more important clinical area than heretofore.
(6) Taken together, these results suggest that processing of alpha-MSH is unlike that heretofore described for other peptide antigens and seems to involve APC handling to form the stimulatory moiety presented on the APC surface.
(7) However, the electrofocusing pattern of renin from pituitary tissue (pI = 4.43, 5.77) differed from that of plasma and kidney enzymes heretofore reported, a discrepancy which could be interpreted as evidence for the endogeneous synthesis of renin in the brain tissue.
(8) The facts that (a) essentially all particles, regardless of orientation, entrap cells, and (b) nonporous particles also entrap cells with high efficiency, indicate that filtration effects are irrelevant and that heretofore unrecognized hydrodynamic forces are alone responsible for the cell immobilization.
(9) Perhaps alpha activation is indicative of stimulating and excitatory effects induced by m-xylene exposure, which has been noted heretofore in the absorption phase of alcohol intake.
(10) The important otolaryngological manifestations of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), which heretofore have not been described in otolaryngological and other specialty journals, are reviewed.
(11) Finding the chromosomal location of human genes that heretofore have been defined solely by phenotypes, in particular clinical phenotypes that are transmitted in Mendelian fashion in families, is an early and often crucial step in the process of identifying the molecular basis of a disease.
(12) Tumors of the skull base with carotid artery involvement have heretofore required carotid ligation or been deemed inoperable.
(13) Heteroplasmy, heretofore rarely observed, occurred frequently in these same two regions.
(14) Heretofore, unresolved was the question which skin element causes stimulation of vessel formation in this lesion: the epidermis, the dermis, vessels themselves, inflammatory cells, and so forth.
(15) The induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) with purified myelin basic protein (MBP) has, heretofore, required its incorporation in a water-in-oil emulsion or adsorption on particulate adjuvants.
(16) These anomalies in trisomy 22 mosaicism have not been emphasized heretofore.
(17) A detailed examination of a stillborn fetus with Apert's syndrome showed several unexpected findings, which prompted a reevaluation of the heretofore generally accepted hypotheses regarding the cause of the dysmorphic craniofacial features in this syndrome.
(18) Today's perspective of the endothelial cell recognizes its real significance, heretofore neglected, and anticipates important future contributions to improved medical management.
(19) Juan Salgado, community leader creating a model for workforce development and training among immigrant communities through a holistic approach that addresses language skills, education and other barriers to entering the workforce Beth Stevens, neuroscientist revealing the heretofore unknown role of microglial cells in neuron communication and prompting a fundamental shift in thinking about brain development in both healthy and unhealthy states.
(20) Multiple pyogenic granuloma-like lesions occurring at punch graft sites are an unusual complication of hair transplantation heretofore unreported.
Whereby
Definition:
(adv.) By which; -- used relatively.
(adv.) By what; how; -- used interrogatively.
Example Sentences:
(1) Together these observations suggest that cytotactin is an endogenous cell surface modulatory protein and provide a possible mechanism whereby cytotactin may contribute to pattern formation during development, regeneration, tumorigenesis, and wound healing.
(2) The method described uses film DOT-I and DOT-II by Dupont, whereby the exposure of the step wedge takes place on a linear accelerator with a photo energy of 10 MeV.
(3) The present data support the hypothesis whereby weakly oncogenic B-ecotropic viruses similar to those activated by radiation might be involved in the development of TL.
(4) Indications of precautions to be taken are defined and suggestions are drawn up whereby residual laxity in extension may be limited.
(5) Mechanisms are suggested whereby rudimentary appetitive programs already encoded along facing dendrite membrane pairs within the specialized intrafascicular milieu, may trigger and control nipple search and suckling in the still blind and only primitively mobile neonate.
(6) Because the mechanism whereby Shigella dysenteriae I enterotoxin induces intestinal secretion is unclear, the effect of this toxin on adenylate cyclase activity in rabbit ileal mucosa was studied under various in vitro and in vivo conditions.
(7) Completely unknown is the mechanism whereby NADH oxidation and growth or growth control may be coupled.
(8) Possible mechanisms whereby proteolytic cleavage of VP2 may enhance the infectivity and HA activity of BTV 20 are discussed.
(9) A simplified procedure is described whereby tissue is removed via a posterior eyelid approach so that the eyelid may be tightened both horizontally and vertically, thus inverting the punctum and fixating it in the lacrimal lake.
(10) The authors describe several recent court cases in which judges have ignored or distorted acceptable clinical practices, conceivably creating a new liability standard whereby a tragic outcome is considered the result of failure to apply appropriate judgment.
(11) Since the temperature of the monkey was unchanged as long as the physiological ratio of sodium to calcium in the perfusion fluid remained constant, we conclude that the balance between these two essential cations within the brain stem could determine the neural mechanism whereby the set-point for body temperature of the primate is established.
(12) Physical disruption of the gut mucosal barrier appears to be the primary mechanism whereby endotoxin promotes bacterial translocation.
(13) That does not translate magically into a conflict of interest whereby the interests of these lawyers is suddenly contrary to those of the defendants,” Ryan argued to Pohl.
(14) Our aim was to determine the mechanism whereby oligohydroamnios causes reduced fetal lung expansion and eventual lung hypoplasia.
(15) This requires multiple insulin injections, whereby 60 to 70% of the total daily insulin amount are administered as preprandial boli of short or intermediate acting insulin.
(16) That would mark a controversial break from its existing policy, whereby the ECB offsets bond purchases by draining liquidity from the system in separate operations.
(17) Chilcot has now embarked on the “Maxwellisation process”, whereby those the inquiry intends to criticise will be sent draft passages of the report for comment.
(18) The mechanism whereby deferoxamine (DF) inhibits the growth of malaria parasites was studied in rats infected with Plasmodium berghei.
(19) K+ release from 2-10 min minus initial K+ uptake) increased from 0.1 to 2.2 mumol X g-1 liver, whereby simultaneously the alanine tissue level rose from 6.8 to 13.3 mumol X g-1 (corresponding to an increase of the intracellular alanine concentration from about 12 to 25 mM) in presence of aminooxyacetate.
(20) Ultrastructural investigations involved a novel method whereby thick sections of gluteraldehyde-fixed material were cut on a vibratome and then labelled using slight modifications of a standard unlabelled antibody-enzyme (PAP) technique, before further processing.