What's the difference between letter and orthography?

Letter


Definition:

  • (n.) One who lets or permits; one who lets anything for hire.
  • (n.) One who retards or hinders.
  • (n.) A mark or character used as the representative of a sound, or of an articulation of the human organs of speech; a first element of written language.
  • (n.) A written or printed communication; a message expressed in intelligible characters on something adapted to conveyance, as paper, parchment, etc.; an epistle.
  • (n.) A writing; an inscription.
  • (n.) Verbal expression; literal statement or meaning; exact signification or requirement.
  • (n.) A single type; type, collectively; a style of type.
  • (n.) Learning; erudition; as, a man of letters.
  • (n.) A letter; an epistle.
  • (v. t.) To impress with letters; to mark with letters or words; as, a book gilt and lettered.

Example Sentences:

  • (1) Richard Bull Woodbridge, Suffolk • Why does Britain need Chinese money to build a new atomic generator ( Letters , 20 October)?
  • (2) Accuracy of discrimination of letters at various preselected distances was determined each session while Ortho-rater examinations were given periodically throughout training.
  • (3) She was not aware that it was an assassination attempt by alleged foreign agents.” If at least one of the women thought the killing was part of an elaborate prank, it might explain the “LOL” message emblazoned in large letters one of the killers t-shirts.
  • (4) And, according to a letter leaked to the BBC last week , he reckons he has found one: default-on.
  • (5) Fry's letter was also delivered to the Lausanne headquarters of the International Olympic Committee, by Guillaume Bonnet of the campaign group All Out .
  • (6) It’s gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, social background, and – most important of all, as far as I’m concerned – diversity of thought.” Diversity needs action beyond the Oscars | Letters Read more He may have provided the Richard Littlejohn wishlist from hell – you know the one, about the one-legged black lesbian in a hijab favoured by the politically correct – but as a Hollywood A-lister, the joke’s no longer on him.
  • (7) We have much more fighting to do!” Now Cherwell is preparing to publish letters or articles from other students who have been inspired to open up about their own ordeals.
  • (8) The reported study demonstrates that performance asymmetries between normal or reflected letters presented in the right and left visual field favors the right visual field when stimulus patterns are blocked and rotated 90 degrees clockwise and favors the left visual field when they are blocked and rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise.
  • (9) The letters of discharge or the case records were obtained for all patients under one year for the entire period and for all patients over one year for the period 1984-1986, a total of 627 persons.
  • (10) But under Comey’s FBI, the agency has continued to disregard the justice department’s legal opinion, and to this day, demands tech companies hand it all sorts of data under due-process free National Security Letters.
  • (11) The letter to Florence Nightingale was written by Bernita Decker as part of a nursing course assignment for our Nurse Educator advisor, Betty Pugh.
  • (12) A letter Acosta received warned her of a Snap cut of $11 for each family member in November.
  • (13) However, the law minister indicated he would allow the supreme court to approve a draft of the letter.
  • (14) These letters are also written during a period when Joyce was still smarting from the publishing difficulties of his earlier works Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.” Gordon Bowker, Joyce’s biographer, agreed: “Joyce’s problem with the UK printers related to the fact that here in those days printers were as much at risk of prosecution on charges of publishing obscenities as were publishers, and would simply refuse to print them.
  • (15) The prime minister sent back a letter dismissing his allegations.
  • (16) She kept it up for three years, until her son's letters finally persuaded her to cut down to one day a week.
  • (17) The letter praised the company's progress in responding to the inspection.
  • (18) The letters, seen by Guardian Money, state that the French-owned company is conducting a review of customer records to make sure all its information is up to date.
  • (19) The day it opened in the US, three senators – senate select committee on intelligence chairwoman Dianne Feinstein, Carl Levin and John McCain – released a letter of protest to Sony Pictures's CEO, citing their committee's 6,000-page classified report on interrogation tactics and calling on him "to state that the role of torture in the hunt for Osama bin Laden is not based on the facts, but rather part of the film's fictional narrative".
  • (20) "Fifa received a letter via email and fax from the Costa Rica FA on March 24 with regards to the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier played on March 22 between USA and Costa Rica," Fifa said.

Orthography


Definition:

  • (n.) The art or practice of writing words with the proper letters, according to standard usage; conventionally correct spelling; also, mode of spelling; as, his orthography is vicious.
  • (n.) The part of grammar which treats of the letters, and of the art of spelling words correctly.
  • (n.) A drawing in correct projection, especially an elevation or a vertical section.

Example Sentences:

  • (1) The results indicate that visual effects are not restricted to word stimuli and suggest that additive effects of visual similarity and shared orthography may be responsible for these findings.
  • (2) To do this, sets of letter strings in which orthography and familiarity were factorially combined were used as the basis for physical, phonetic, semantic, and lexical judgments.
  • (3) Non-words which obeyed the rules of English orthography and phonology were more difficult to discriminate from words than those which violated those rules.
  • (4) Adopting the format of an earlier investigation, a visual recall task was employed as the dependent variable, and it was predicted that poor readers would perform as well as normals with stimuli taken from Hebrew, an unfamiliar orthography.
  • (5) Forward and backward priming were compared both when the nonword foils were "legal" and when they were "illegal" with respect to English orthography.
  • (6) Word structure determined by orthography and morphology affected neon colors, but no effect was found for purely phonological units.
  • (7) It is suggested that reading aloud employs grapheme-phoneme translation based upon a letter-by-letter analysis of the stimulus: that discriminating words from non-words obeying the rules of English orthography and phonology employs a search of the lexicon based upon a holistic analysis of the stimulus; and that discriminating words from non-words violating those rules employs a direct test of the regularity of the stimulus based upon the combinatory rules of English orthography.
  • (8) In the present writer's opinion, the orthography according to Duden disfigures words from Latin origin for the most part since Latin c is written as a k before a, o, u and as a z before e and i.
  • (9) The results do not support previous claims of orthography-specific laterality, but instead show that laterality effects for morphemic stimuli vary with the orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing demands of the task.
  • (10) N200s were largest when both the orthography and phonology mismatched, of intermediate amplitude when either orthography or phonology mismatched, and smallest when both orthography and phonology matched.
  • (11) The standpoint of the Hungarian Scientific Academy in case of medical orthography is described.
  • (12) Especially Eschenbach is up to mischief if he proposes his alternative orthography also for words which are borrowed from Latin 1,000 years ago and are used by everybody in the colloquial German language.
  • (13) Evidence from cognitive neuropsychological case reports is reviewed for its bearing on these claims and for its implications for the strong metalinguistic hypothesis, which contends that explicit, conscious mastery of the relationship between phonology and orthography is a necessary (and perhaps sufficient) precondition for the development of fluent reading.
  • (14) There was no evidence that nonword letter strings could contingently elicit such an aftereffect, even when the nonwords conformed to English orthography.
  • (15) The performance of the model is largely determined by three factors: the nature of the input, a significant fragment of written English; the learning rule, which encodes the implicit structure of the orthography in the weights on connections; and the architecture of the system, which influences the scope of what can be learned.
  • (16) These results were interpreted as strong support for the orthographical depth hypothesis and suggest, in general, that in shallow orthographies phonology is generated directly from print, whereas in deep orthographies phonology is derived from the internal lexicon.
  • (17) The choice was made because English phonology is particularly well described by the standard theory, and because this theory contains explicit predictions about how English speakers' phonological knowledge will be realized in their control of English orthography, e.g., in spelling.
  • (18) Reaction time and percent error increased whenever there was a conflict between the orthography and phonology of the words.
  • (19) The bulk of reading errors made by both groups reflect their common difficulties in phonemic segmentation of words in the lexicon, in phonetic recoding, and in mastery of the orthography--difficulties, in short, with linguistic characteristics of words rather than with their properties as visual patterns.
  • (20) The nature and the speed of this process are affected by "bottom-up" factors (e.g., the manner in which the phonology is represented by the orthography) and by "top-down" factors (e.g., network connections between related words in the lexicon, and contextual semantic information).