(1) Previous demonstrations of "visual" effects in auditory tasks have been largely restricted to orthographic effects with word stimuli.
(2) The present experiment provided a critical test between the two classes of theories by independently varying orthographic context and visual letter information in a letter recognition task.
(3) Instead their word retrieval deficits extended only to the orthographic materials.
(4) These pseudowords were of two types: those that have orthographically similar "neighbors," and those that have no neighbors.
(5) The effect of orthographic distinctiveness upon free recall reveals a certain inadequacy in the notion of transfer-appropriate processing.
(6) For voweled words, phonemic and orthographic partial-repetition effects were equivalent at Lag 0, each about half the size of the full-repetition effect.
(7) Primes that were orthographically (and phonemically) related to the target words were found to facilitate word retrieval.
(8) The distortion produced by this chart was analyzed and compared to other 2D projections, such as stereographic, equal area, and orthographic maps of the retina.
(9) In Experiment 1, partial identity priming using word-final trigrams was observed only when the bigram corresponded to the orthographic rime unit.
(10) We interpret these findings as support for models of lexical representation that are based on orthographic properties (e.g., Seidenberg & McClelland, 1989) rather than those based on phonological constraints.
(11) The camera system produces real-time focused, orthographic images of a 15 times 15 cm field.
(12) The contrasting performance suggests that grammatical-class distinctions are redundantly represented in the phonological and orthographic output lexical components.
(13) A scale of phonetic distance and a scale of orthographic distance combined in multiple regression to predict association value and meaningfulness with R above +.80.
(14) Latency of lexical decision was longer for orthographically distinctive than for orthographically common words.
(15) The analysis is based primarily on the "structure from motion" theorem which states that the structure of four non-coplanar points is recoverable from three orthographic projections.
(16) Three studies were carried out to investigate orthographic and semantic priming effects in word retrieval.
(17) When prime words were presented for 350 ms without a mask, it was observed that primes that are lower frequency orthographic neighbors of the target interfered with target processing relative to an unrelated condition.
(18) These loud orthographic markers, in turn, echo the profound divide that separates the Afghans' traditional society from the liberal markets from whence secondhand cars make their journey across continents, sometimes complete with dangerously loaded but misunderstood ornamental accessories.
(19) At 64-msec prime presentation durations, primes that are pseudohomophones of the target produced facilitatory effects compared to orthographic controls, but these orthographically similar non-word primes did not facilitate target recognition compared to unrelated controls.
(20) Several experiments demonstrated that the morphological and orthographic units arise from different processes: The morphological units depend on lexical access, and the orthographic units do not.
Orthography
Definition:
(n.) The art or practice of writing words with the proper letters, according to standard usage; conventionally correct spelling; also, mode of spelling; as, his orthography is vicious.
(n.) The part of grammar which treats of the letters, and of the art of spelling words correctly.
(n.) A drawing in correct projection, especially an elevation or a vertical section.
Example Sentences:
(1) The results indicate that visual effects are not restricted to word stimuli and suggest that additive effects of visual similarity and shared orthography may be responsible for these findings.
(2) To do this, sets of letter strings in which orthography and familiarity were factorially combined were used as the basis for physical, phonetic, semantic, and lexical judgments.
(3) Non-words which obeyed the rules of English orthography and phonology were more difficult to discriminate from words than those which violated those rules.
(4) Adopting the format of an earlier investigation, a visual recall task was employed as the dependent variable, and it was predicted that poor readers would perform as well as normals with stimuli taken from Hebrew, an unfamiliar orthography.
(5) Forward and backward priming were compared both when the nonword foils were "legal" and when they were "illegal" with respect to English orthography.
(6) Word structure determined by orthography and morphology affected neon colors, but no effect was found for purely phonological units.
(7) It is suggested that reading aloud employs grapheme-phoneme translation based upon a letter-by-letter analysis of the stimulus: that discriminating words from non-words obeying the rules of English orthography and phonology employs a search of the lexicon based upon a holistic analysis of the stimulus; and that discriminating words from non-words violating those rules employs a direct test of the regularity of the stimulus based upon the combinatory rules of English orthography.
(8) In the present writer's opinion, the orthography according to Duden disfigures words from Latin origin for the most part since Latin c is written as a k before a, o, u and as a z before e and i.
(9) The results do not support previous claims of orthography-specific laterality, but instead show that laterality effects for morphemic stimuli vary with the orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing demands of the task.
(10) N200s were largest when both the orthography and phonology mismatched, of intermediate amplitude when either orthography or phonology mismatched, and smallest when both orthography and phonology matched.
(11) The standpoint of the Hungarian Scientific Academy in case of medical orthography is described.
(12) Especially Eschenbach is up to mischief if he proposes his alternative orthography also for words which are borrowed from Latin 1,000 years ago and are used by everybody in the colloquial German language.
(13) Evidence from cognitive neuropsychological case reports is reviewed for its bearing on these claims and for its implications for the strong metalinguistic hypothesis, which contends that explicit, conscious mastery of the relationship between phonology and orthography is a necessary (and perhaps sufficient) precondition for the development of fluent reading.
(14) There was no evidence that nonword letter strings could contingently elicit such an aftereffect, even when the nonwords conformed to English orthography.
(15) The performance of the model is largely determined by three factors: the nature of the input, a significant fragment of written English; the learning rule, which encodes the implicit structure of the orthography in the weights on connections; and the architecture of the system, which influences the scope of what can be learned.
(16) These results were interpreted as strong support for the orthographical depth hypothesis and suggest, in general, that in shallow orthographies phonology is generated directly from print, whereas in deep orthographies phonology is derived from the internal lexicon.
(17) The choice was made because English phonology is particularly well described by the standard theory, and because this theory contains explicit predictions about how English speakers' phonological knowledge will be realized in their control of English orthography, e.g., in spelling.
(18) Reaction time and percent error increased whenever there was a conflict between the orthography and phonology of the words.
(19) The bulk of reading errors made by both groups reflect their common difficulties in phonemic segmentation of words in the lexicon, in phonetic recoding, and in mastery of the orthography--difficulties, in short, with linguistic characteristics of words rather than with their properties as visual patterns.
(20) The nature and the speed of this process are affected by "bottom-up" factors (e.g., the manner in which the phonology is represented by the orthography) and by "top-down" factors (e.g., network connections between related words in the lexicon, and contextual semantic information).