(n.) The art or practice of writing words with the proper letters, according to standard usage; conventionally correct spelling; also, mode of spelling; as, his orthography is vicious.
(n.) The part of grammar which treats of the letters, and of the art of spelling words correctly.
(n.) A drawing in correct projection, especially an elevation or a vertical section.
Example Sentences:
(1) The results indicate that visual effects are not restricted to word stimuli and suggest that additive effects of visual similarity and shared orthography may be responsible for these findings.
(2) To do this, sets of letter strings in which orthography and familiarity were factorially combined were used as the basis for physical, phonetic, semantic, and lexical judgments.
(3) Non-words which obeyed the rules of English orthography and phonology were more difficult to discriminate from words than those which violated those rules.
(4) Adopting the format of an earlier investigation, a visual recall task was employed as the dependent variable, and it was predicted that poor readers would perform as well as normals with stimuli taken from Hebrew, an unfamiliar orthography.
(5) Forward and backward priming were compared both when the nonword foils were "legal" and when they were "illegal" with respect to English orthography.
(6) Word structure determined by orthography and morphology affected neon colors, but no effect was found for purely phonological units.
(7) It is suggested that reading aloud employs grapheme-phoneme translation based upon a letter-by-letter analysis of the stimulus: that discriminating words from non-words obeying the rules of English orthography and phonology employs a search of the lexicon based upon a holistic analysis of the stimulus; and that discriminating words from non-words violating those rules employs a direct test of the regularity of the stimulus based upon the combinatory rules of English orthography.
(8) In the present writer's opinion, the orthography according to Duden disfigures words from Latin origin for the most part since Latin c is written as a k before a, o, u and as a z before e and i.
(9) The results do not support previous claims of orthography-specific laterality, but instead show that laterality effects for morphemic stimuli vary with the orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing demands of the task.
(10) N200s were largest when both the orthography and phonology mismatched, of intermediate amplitude when either orthography or phonology mismatched, and smallest when both orthography and phonology matched.
(11) The standpoint of the Hungarian Scientific Academy in case of medical orthography is described.
(12) Especially Eschenbach is up to mischief if he proposes his alternative orthography also for words which are borrowed from Latin 1,000 years ago and are used by everybody in the colloquial German language.
(13) Evidence from cognitive neuropsychological case reports is reviewed for its bearing on these claims and for its implications for the strong metalinguistic hypothesis, which contends that explicit, conscious mastery of the relationship between phonology and orthography is a necessary (and perhaps sufficient) precondition for the development of fluent reading.
(14) There was no evidence that nonword letter strings could contingently elicit such an aftereffect, even when the nonwords conformed to English orthography.
(15) The performance of the model is largely determined by three factors: the nature of the input, a significant fragment of written English; the learning rule, which encodes the implicit structure of the orthography in the weights on connections; and the architecture of the system, which influences the scope of what can be learned.
(16) These results were interpreted as strong support for the orthographical depth hypothesis and suggest, in general, that in shallow orthographies phonology is generated directly from print, whereas in deep orthographies phonology is derived from the internal lexicon.
(17) The choice was made because English phonology is particularly well described by the standard theory, and because this theory contains explicit predictions about how English speakers' phonological knowledge will be realized in their control of English orthography, e.g., in spelling.
(18) Reaction time and percent error increased whenever there was a conflict between the orthography and phonology of the words.
(19) The bulk of reading errors made by both groups reflect their common difficulties in phonemic segmentation of words in the lexicon, in phonetic recoding, and in mastery of the orthography--difficulties, in short, with linguistic characteristics of words rather than with their properties as visual patterns.
(20) The nature and the speed of this process are affected by "bottom-up" factors (e.g., the manner in which the phonology is represented by the orthography) and by "top-down" factors (e.g., network connections between related words in the lexicon, and contextual semantic information).
Usage
Definition:
(n.) The act of using; mode of using or treating; treatment; conduct with respect to a person or a thing; as, good usage; ill usage; hard usage.
(n.) Customary use or employment, as of a word or phrase in a particular sense or signification.
(n.) Experience.
Example Sentences:
(1) An important stratification factor, however, was related to tobacco usage.
(2) Adjunctive usage of elastic stockings and intermittent compression pneumatic boots in the perioperative period was helpful in controlling leg swelling and promoting wound healing.
(3) A survey into the current usage of tracheal tubes and associated procedures, such as various sedation regimes and antacid therapy, in intensive care units was carried out in Sweden by sending a questionnaire to physicians in charge of intensive care units in 70 acute hospitals which included seven main teaching hospitals.
(4) A 1977 College of American Pathologists survey of hospitals has been analyzed to compare Rh immune globulin usage (RhIgG) with methods used to screen and confirm fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH).
(5) Check out the latest bill from Russia's parliament, the Duma: its aim is to ban the "unnecessary" usage of foreign words (in cases where there is a pre-existing Russian counterpart).
(6) The high percentage of children delivered with signs of postmaturity according to Clifford in pregnant women treated with corticosteroid--23.3% against 9.8% of women treated with Aprophen (p less than 0.01) show the connection between the usage of corticosteroids and the increase of the frequency of signs of postmaturity in newborns.
(7) Usage of analyzing cardiac monitors with a signalling system switched on by the preset values of ST-segment depression prevented the evolution of myocardial ischemia and the development of exercise-induced anginal episodes.
(8) The group with no previous history showed a decrease in total service usage at follow-up.
(9) Adaptation of the freezing technique for large-scale usage has more recently been achieved.
(10) Your gas bills should give a figure for your usage each quarter – but remember you use very little in the summer months, so you'll need to add up the total across all four quarters.
(11) Its usage now is usually restricted to disorders associated with a deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD), for which the term "UROD-deficiency" may be more appropriate.
(12) The recognition of the CCSK cytologic pattern justifies the usage of aggressive preoperative chemotherapy protocols or the indication of surgery avoiding delays.
(13) Significant improvements in word comprehension, word usage in writing, pronunciation, and in auditory discrimination were achieved as a result of training.
(14) Analysis of the relationships between antigen specificities and V kappa- and VH-family gene usage indicated that auto- or polyreactivity was not associated with V kappa III nor any particular VH family.
(15) For PPD-specific TCCs, a possible biased usage of V beta 8, as well as possible preferential usage of a CDR3 motif, were found.
(16) Failure of rifampin prophylaxis as currently recommended may result from usage limited to direct contacts of the index patient.
(17) Considerable heterogeneity in T-cell receptor usage was noted.
(18) An investigation of maintenance, usage, and coliform status of water in 104 domestic swimming pools in 13 Brisbane suburbs was made in January, 1978.
(19) The preparation underwent biotransformation in the organism of the rats after oral usage and the basic metabolite was 4-aminocholine, excreted in urine.
(20) We have examined T-cell receptor alpha- and beta-chain variable (V) region gene usage in T-cell populations predicted to have different major histocompatibility complex-restriction specificities.