(n.) A white or pinkish crystalline substance, C6H5OH, produced by the destructive distillation of many organic bodies, as wood, coal, etc., and obtained from the heavy oil from coal tar.
(n.) Any one of the series of hydroxyl derivatives of which phenol proper is the type.
Example Sentences:
(1) The teeth were embedded in phenolic rings with acrylic resin.
(2) The presence of the expected C19 neutral and C18 phenolic steroids was confirmed.
(3) The effect of mycobacterial phenolic glycolipids from Mycobacterium leprae, M. bovis BCG, and M. kansasii on in vitro proliferative responses by human blood mononuclear cells from healthy BCG vaccinees was investigated.
(4) The chemistry involved reaction rate constant measurements of MSF hydrolysis and for reactions with phenolic, amine, oxime, hydroxamic acid, phenyl N-hydroxycarbamate, and hydroxylamine compounds and cupric imidazole and bipyridyl complexes.
(5) In the liver, the major site of benzene metabolism, benzene is converted by a cytochrome P-450-mediated pathway to phenol, the major metabolite, and the secondary metabolites, hydroquinone and catechol.
(6) Except in the case of the phenolic metabolite, structures were confirmed by direct comparison of electron impact mass spectra and chromatographic behaviour with those of authentic samples.
(7) It may be concluded that phenolization of the sympathetic nervous system provides the same results as surgical sympathectomy but has the advantage of lower morbidity and shorter hospitalization (24 h vs 10 days).
(8) It was hypothesized that the observed activity variation of the paracetamol analogues was based on the relative abilities of these compounds to undergo H atom loss at the phenolic oxygen, and on the relative stabilities of the resulting free-radical species.
(9) Lipopolysaccharide content correlated significantly with drug uptake and sensitivity, and it appeared to determine the degree of penetration of the cell envelope by these chlorinated phenols.
(10) Liberation of the polysaccharides from the carrier by treatment with aqueous phenol resulted in loss of the serological activity.
(11) Here we report that phenol hydroxylation to hydroquinone is also catalyzed by human myeloperoxidase in the presence of a superoxide anion radical generating system, hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase.
(12) The 2-substituted phenoxy-6-methoxy-8-aminoquinolines (4-6) were afforded by reduction of the corresponding 8-nitroquinolines (1-3) which were obtained by condensation of 2-chloro-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline and substituted phenols.
(13) This report reviews the treatment of pilonidal sinus by phenol injection in 54 patients.
(14) One group of rats was made immunocompetent towards P. aeruginosa by intraperitoneal injection of phenol-killed P. aeruginosa while a second group remained naive to this organism.
(15) These data indicate that the phenolic hydroxyl groups of xanthomegnin might contribute to its uncoupling action on the oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria.
(16) The coupled dienone-phenol re-arrangement and keto-enol tautomerism of this quinone methide produce the observed 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde.
(17) The phenol metabolites benzoquinone and 1,2,4-benzenetriol both activated the glutathione transferase in microsomes 2-fold independently of added NADPH.
(18) The isolation of plant enzymes is frequently hampered by the presence of phenolic compounds, pigments and mucilages.
(19) An enzyme (EC 2.8.2.1) that catalyses the transfer of sulphate from adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate to phenols was purified approx.
(20) Physico-chemical parameters of membranes of skeletal muscles' sarcoplasmic reticulum in antioxidant insufficiency, which was modelled by excluding alpha-tocopherol from the animals ration, and after treatment with phenol antioxidant ionol were studied.
Vanillin
Definition:
(n.) A white crystalline aldehyde having a burning taste and characteristic odor of vanilla. It is extracted from vanilla pods, and is also obtained by the decomposition of coniferin, and by the oxidation of eugenol.
Example Sentences:
(1) Because vanillin is a food additive on the GRAS (generally regarded as safe) list, and because it has little or no adverse effects at high dosages in animals, vanillin is a candidate for further evaluation as an agent for the treatment of sickle cell disease.
(2) Among 7 derivatives of omicron-vanillin, 2-hydroxy-3-ethoxy-benzaldehyde, omicron-hydroxybenzaldehyde and m-methoxybenzaldehyde showed an enhancing effect on MNNG-induced mutagenesis.
(3) Vanillin showed no change in the absence of activity of H2O2 to induce mutations.
(4) The metabolism of vanillin, isovanillin and the corresponding alcohols and acids in rats was investigated using t.l.c., g.l.c.
(5) The procedure has been adapted to the analysis of other products including domestic vanilla extracts and imitation vanilla flavorings for vanillin, ethyl vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and piperonal.
(6) X-ray-induced breakage-type and exchange-type chromosome aberrations were suppressed by the vanillin treatment in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and a greater decrease in the number of X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations during G1 holding was observed in the presence of vanillin.
(7) The relative incidence of bacteria utilizing vanillin, syringic acid or protocatechuic acid as the only carbon sources increased in the enriched medium.
(8) Simple phenolic compounds such as phenol, 3-methoxycatechol, catechol and vanillin were identified as the precursors of the genotoxic substances.
(9) The aldehyde substituent of vanillin was metabolized by routes which were dependent upon both the acetogen and a co-metabolizable substrate (e.g.
(10) The post-treatment with vanillin during the mutation expression time of cells after treatment with EMS also showed an enhancement of the frequency of mutations induced by EMS.
(11) Thin-layer chromatography was performed on Merck silica gel and the spray reagent was iodine or vanillin.
(12) Administration of vanillin decreased the ENU-induced frequency of recessive carrier pups.
(13) VMA is oxidized to vanillin, which is purified by toluene extraction and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography.
(14) Vanillin was also effective on SCEs induced by EMS, ENNG, ENU or MNU.
(15) The three sulfate reducers oxidized up to 7 mM vanillin and up to 4 mM p-anisaldehyde.
(16) A screening method is described for urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy mandelic acid using an initial ion exchange procedure, vanillin formation and extraction into toluene.
(17) Vanillin acts as an anticlastogenic factor in vivo.
(18) The Swiss biotech company Evolva produces synthetically derived vanillin believed to be entering the food supply, though the end users have not been made public.
(19) Manganese peroxidase (MnP) oxidized 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy) -1,3-dihydroxypropane (I) in the presence of MnII and H2O2 to yield 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)- 2-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-oxo-3-hydroxypropane (II), 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (III), 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-dihydroxybenzene (IV), 2-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy)-3-hydroxypropanal (V), syringaldehyde (VI), vanillyl alcohol (VII), and vanillin (VIII).
(20) Vanillin was lower, whereas para-coumaric acid was higher, in normal genotypes than in brown midrib mutants.