(n.) Any pain, suffering, or loss inflicted on a person because of a crime or offense.
(n.) A penalty inflicted by a court of justice on a convicted offender as a just retribution, and incidentally for the purposes of reformation and prevention.
Example Sentences:
(1) Maybe the world economy goes tits up again, only this time we punish the rich instead of the poor.
(2) It’s not to punish the public, it’s to save the NHS and its people.” Another commenter added: “Of course they should strike.
(3) Alan Pardew faces punishment from the Football Association for his head-butt on Hull City's David Meyler.
(4) Anwar, who was not Sanam's father, admitted to police after his arrest that he put the girl in the cupboard as punishment and said Navsarka punished her in the same way.
(5) He could be the target of more punishing wit, as when Michael Foot, noting a tendency to be tougher abroad than at home, called him "a belligerent Bertie Wooster without even a Jeeves to restrain him."
(6) In many countries, male same-sex relationships are punishable by 10 years behind bars; in at least two, the penalty is death.
(7) There is a mutual interest in keeping prosperity that exists and has built over the years.” But Pisani-Ferry said Macron would certainly not seek to punish Britain.
(8) "We have Revolutionary Guards who defied orders, though they were severely punished, expelled from the force and taken to prison," he says.
(9) Initial acceleration of the DRL responding appeared to be due to adventitious punishment of collateral behavior which was observed between the bar-presses.
(10) As the last two people executed in Britain, the macabre anniversary of their deaths at Strangeways prison in Manchester and Walton prison in Liverpool is generating more publicity than their crime and punishment ever did at the time.
(11) These cases fall into two categories: situations where offspring are provided with opportunities to practice skills ("opportunity teaching"), and instances where the behavior of young is either encouraged or punished by adults ("coaching").
(12) That led to the second breakthrough, as the once formidable laws of omerta - silence punishable by death - cracked.
(13) What punishment will Manchester City and Paris Saint-Germain face?
(14) When we reached our summit, or whatever spot was deemed by my father to be of adequately punishing distance from the car to deserve lunch, Dad would invariably find he had forgotten his Swiss army knife (looking back, I begin to doubt he ever had one) and instead would cut cheese into slices with the edge of his credit card.
(15) If America can decide the punishment for Osama, why can't we decide that?"
(16) There is also the issue of fair sentencing – if a person has a violent fight in a bar and is sentenced to an IPP with a two year tariff, and then finds himself stuck in the system six years later he has received a punishment three times more severe than the crime he committed in the eyes of the court.
(17) We are determined to make sure governors have every power at their disposal to detect supply, punish those found using or dealing, and enforce a zero-tolerance approach.
(18) They ended up exceeding that margin comfortably, surging to a 14-0 lead inside the first 19 minutes and then withstanding the inevitable Samoan fightback, with the Wigan wing Pat Richards kicking four penalties to punish their growing indiscipline.
(19) Many Halifax and Bank of Scotland current account customers face a huge hike in overdraft charges, which will particularly punish those who regularly go into the red by a small amount, it emerged this week .
(20) Albion rarely threatened, though Tim Howard was alert to Shane Long's first-time shot, but had several chances to punish Everton on the counterattack late on.
Reinforcement
Definition:
(n.) See Reenforcement.
Example Sentences:
(1) This observation, reinforced by simultaneous determinations of cortisol levels in the internal spermatic and antecubital veins, practically excluded the validity of the theory of adrenal hormonal suppression of testicular tissues.
(2) He said: "Monetary policy affects the exchange rate – which in turn can offset or reinforce our exposure to rising import prices.
(3) "These developments are clearly unwarranted on the basis of economic and budgetary fundamentals in these two member states and the steps that they are taking to reinforce those fundamentals."
(4) In the first, a technique for establishing an effective reinforcer from a range of possible reinforcing stimuli was evaluated.
(5) This procedure generated a number of VI-like effects, supporting the notion that VI behavior can be construed as a special case of an interaction between the organism's function relating reinforcement susceptibilities to chain length and the experimenter's function relating probabilities of reinforcement to chain length.
(6) The present results suggest that the locomotor-stimulatory and positive reinforcing effects of ethanol as well as its enhancing effect on dopaminergic activity may involve an enhancement of calcium mediated mechanisms.
(7) Further, the use of food as a reinforcer has been considered taboo by those who use more conventional and restrictive management approaches with Prader-Willi syndrome individuals.
(8) The latter findings reinforce the concept that in pathologic states associated with cerebral oedema, pinocytotic vesicles fuse to form transendothelial channels which transport plasma proteins into brain.
(9) Behavioral variables, including interreinforcement interval and drug self-administration history, appear to be important determinants of whether or not reinforcement will be demonstrated, particularly among the benzodiazepines; but the range of conditions under which behavioral and pharmacological variables interact to promote or lessen the likelihood of self-administration of these drugs remains to be determined experimentally.
(10) In a recent study, Orr and Lanzetta (1984) showed that the excitatory properties of fear facial expressions previously described (Lanzetta & Orr, 1981; Orr & Lanzetta, 1980) do not depend on associative mechanisms; even in the absence of reinforcement, fear faces intensify the emotional reaction to a previously conditioned stimulus and disrupt extinction of an acquired fear response.
(11) The reinforcement portion of the surgical drape that contained the fenestration was segmented into four identical-appearing sections, two on each side of the fenestration.
(12) These results indicate that auditory localization behavior of infants is influenced by reinforcement and that the extent of this effect is related to the type of reinforcement employed.
(13) The interresponse-time reinforcement contingencies inherent in these schedules may actually mask the effects of overall reinforcement rate; thus differences in response rate as a function of reinforcement rate when interresponse-time reinforcement is eliminated may be underestimated.
(14) Two experiments reported the effects of prefeeding normal and septal rats prior to their daily sessions on a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL-20) schedule.
(15) Specimens of human bone from the site exhibited lower strontium levels and strontium-to-calcium ratios than deer specimens from the same site, reinforcing paleodemographic evidence that the human populations that inhabited this site included substantial amounts of meat in their diets.
(16) It is suggested that serotoninergic mechanisms in case of changes in activity of cholinergic processes, depress the system of positive reinforcement.
(17) A yeast protein, Sui3, isolated as an extragenic suppressor of his4 initiation codon mutations, exhibits extensive sequence identity with human eIF-2 beta, especially in the polylysine and zinc finger domains, thereby reinforcing the view that these elements are important for function.
(18) Pedestrianising areas in the city centre, reinforcing police and security.
(19) A visually reinforced headturn discrimination procedure was used to determine sensitivity to increments in peak F0 in synthetic speech in both bisyllabic (CVCVC) and trisyllabic (CVCVCVC) contexts.
(20) When reinforcement for competing behavior was withdrawn, however, rats resumed their original behavior and there were no overall savings in total responses to extinction.