(n.) A species of pepper (Piper betle), the leaves of which are chewed, with the areca or betel nut and a little shell lime, by the inhabitants of the East Indies. It is a woody climber with ovate many-nerved leaves.
Example Sentences:
(1) Epidemiologists need to conduct studies to determine if there is an increased likelihood of developing cancer in betel chewing pregnant women and OC users due to increased sensitivity of their lymphocytes to genetic damage compared with nonchewing pregnant women and OC users.
(2) Boric acid, propionic acid and potassium metabisulphite were used for the control of aflatoxin B1 on betel nuts.
(3) The results suggest that formation of reactive oxygen species in the presence of NNN may be a key factor in the initiation of oral tumours in tobacco and betel-quid chewers.
(4) Betel leaf extract at the dose levels used in the present study did not affect the body weight gain among rats.
(5) It was found that among the betel chewers as well as the non betels chewers., the highest caries susceptibility was in the age group of 20-34 years.
(6) Powdered slaked lime applied to the chewed Areca nut with Piper betle inflorescence at the corner of the mouth causes the mean pH to rise to 10, at which reactive oxygen species are generated from betel quid ingredients in vitro.
(7) Moreover both the extracts of betel leaf reduce the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene and dimethylbenzanthracene.
(8) Areca cattechu Linn is commonly known as areca nut or betel nut.
(9) The effect of betel leaf extract and some of its constituents, eugenol, hydroxychavicol, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, on benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach neoplasia in male Swiss mice was examined.
(10) The frequency of micronucleated cells (MNC) derived from exfoliated human oral mucosal cells has been measured to assess genotoxic damage in chewers of betel quid with tobacco (BQT) and tobacco with lime (T).
(11) Of seven sources, Banarasi betel leaves showed the maximum amounts of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol.
(12) Taken together, the observed pathobiological effects of areca-nut extract and certain related compounds in cultured human buccal epithelial cells indicate that these agents may contribute to the oral carcinogenicity associated with chewing betel quid.
(13) The elevation of MEC in Taiwanese, who are at low risk for oral cancer, is relatively small as compared to that found in chewers of Indian betel quids (pan), who show a highly elevated oral cancer risk.
(14) There is a need for more active and culturally appropriate health education programs to help prevent the negative effects of betel-nut chewing.
(15) DMSO extract of a mixture of tobacco and betel nut positively increased the incidence of early malignant changes in the hamster cheek pouch, indicating the enhancing effect of betel nut in carcinogenesis.
(16) A link between the generation of areca nut-related N-nitrosamines in the saliva, the induction of genotoxic damage in the oral mucosa, as judged by an increase in micronucleated exfoliated cells (MEC), and a low incidence of oral cancer was studied in 2 population groups characterized by their habit of chewing quids without tobacco: Guamanians, who chew areca nuts (Areca catechu) with or without the addition of betel leaf (Piper betle); Taiwanese, who use areca nut, betel leaf or inference and slaked lime.
(17) In addition, she had discontinued chewing betel nut that was used daily by virtually all of her fellow islanders on Yap.
(18) Arecoline, a major betel nut alkaloid, was tested for its effectiveness in inducing micronuclei in fetal mouse blood after transplacental exposure late in the gestation period.
(19) "Municipal officers used to come and demand bribes every month from all the street shops and vendors; I would curse them under my breath but used to pay," said Tara Kant Jha, 46, a street vendor who sells cigarettes and betel leaves – used like chewing tobacco.
(20) (3) Formation of endogenous NOC was assessed by the NPRO test in: (i) subjects living in high- and low-incidence areas for stomach cancer in northern Japan, Costa Rica and Poland; (ii) subjects with different habits of betel-quid chewing and tobacco use; (iii) patients with urinary bladder infections; and (iv) subjects infested with liver fluke in Thailand.
Bevel
Definition:
(n.) Any angle other than a right angle; the angle which one surface makes with another when they are not at right angles; the slant or inclination of such surface; as, to give a bevel to the edge of a table or a stone slab; the bevel of a piece of timber.
(n.) An instrument consisting of two rules or arms, jointed together at one end, and opening to any angle, for adjusting the surfaces of work to the same or a given inclination; -- called also a bevel square.
(a.) Having the slant of a bevel; slanting.
(a.) Hence: Morally distorted; not upright.
(v. t.) To cut to a bevel angle; to slope the edge or surface of.
(v. i.) To deviate or incline from an angle of 90¡, as a surface; to slant.
Example Sentences:
(1) The distance between the bevel end of the tube and the carina was determined with a fibreoptic bronchoscope.
(2) With the straight bevel with a slight angulation (40 degrees), the limit of the cavity-filling joint is clear.
(3) Electrical potentials in the cat lumbosacral spinal cord evoked by the action of single medial gastrocnemius Ia afferent fibres were recorded using low impedance, bevelled micropipette electrodes and the spike triggered averaging technique.
(4) After placement of the glass-ionomer cement, etching of the bevel, and placement of a resin bonding system, microfilled resin was placed over the bonding agent in one increment, light-cured, finished, and given 500 thermocycled 500 times between 5 and 55 degrees C. A silver nitrate staining technique was used to evaluate microleakage measured in graticular units (gu) along the dentinal interface under stereomicroscopy.
(5) In an effort to overcome restrictive adhesions following flexor tendon repair, a technique involving beveling of the tendon ends and fine compressive suturing was used in 50 patients (110 tendons).
(6) The use of short-beveled needles considerably decreased the number of traumatic punctures.
(7) Instead of the ends of the cuts being squared, the ends were beveled or rounded.
(8) Each margin of the cavities was finished in one of three ways: butt joint and etching; butt joint and no etching, or; bevel joint and etching.
(9) Those differences can be summarized as follows: (1) the occurrence of pronounced, highly curved hackle marks, which could in many instances be mistaken for conchoidal marks;(2)the appearance of the beveled edges bordering the cratering on the side opposite origin of force; and (3) a more apparent tendency toward an inverse relationship of muzzle velocity and energy to radial fracture length and degree of curving along crater boundaries.
(10) The bevelled and interdigitated structures seen in many sutures may be interpreted as an expedient solution to the problem of fast growth.
(11) If the Black Class II preparation is used, it is suggested that bevels be confined to the facial and lingual margins of the proximal box.
(12) Forty cast gold dowels and cores were made for four groups of dowel channels that had, respectively, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, and 1 mm with a 60-degree bevel (collar) of the remaining buccal dentin at the entrance of the canal.
(13) The observed experimental alterations in ME behavior after bevelling were in agreement with those predicted by a relatively simple electrical model comprising of two conductive pathways in parallel having opposite in sign sensitivities.
(14) By rotating the puncture needle the spinal meninges become penetrated with the bevel adjusted parallel to the main fibre direction.
(15) Companion surgeries for comparison consisted of similar flaps, but utilized an inverse bevel primary incision.
(16) There was no significant difference among beveled metal margins, metal butt margins, or porcelain butt margins either before or after cementation at the 95% confidence level.
(17) This problem was more significant when the guidewire was withdrawn through the beveled needle, in comparison to the nonbeveled type.
(18) In the first experiment, embryos in different stages of development were used for micromanipulation by removing half of the blastomeres with a beveled aspirating pipette.
(19) This clinical study determined the feasibility of a sealed resin composite restoration to arrest dental caries using a minimal tooth preparation: a bevel in enamel only without removal of the carious lesion.
(20) This is located by inserting the needle at a point one quarter of the distance from the ischial tuberosity to the greater trochanter in the gluteal fold and then feeling two distinct losses of resistance as superficial and deep fascia are penetrated with a short-bevelled needle.